Biology 210 Exam 4 Study Guide Chapters 15 17 Chapter 15 INTRODUCTION 1 Provide an overview of the three basic functions of the sensory motor and integrative systems of the nervous system SENSATION 2 Define and compare sensation and perception Sensory Modalies 3 Define sensory modality give examples and indicate the unique relationship to impulses transmitted along specific pathways The Process of a Sensation 4 Generally examine the four requisite events for a stimulus to become a sensation Sensory Receptors Types of Sensory Receptors 5 Describe the types of receptors in terms of association with general or special systems location and stimulus type Adaptation in Sensory Receptors 6 State what is meant by adaptation of receptors and provide examples of slow and rapidly adapting receptors SOMATIC SENSATIONS 7 Note the general location and nature of somatic receptors 8 Identify the cutaneous sensation modalities Tactile Sensations 9 Identify the tactile sensations how they are detected and the receptors involved 10 Describe the touch receptors and how they respond to a stimulus 11 Define and compare the sensations of pressure and vibration 12 Define and compare the sensations of itch and tickle Thermal Sensations 13 Identify the thermal sensations their receptors and the receptor locations Pain Sensations 14 Describe the function of pain 15 Identify the pain receptors their location and what stimulates them Types of Pain 16 Distinguish between fast and slow pain and among superficial somatic deep somatic and visceral pain Localization of Pain 17 Discuss the localization of pain including referred pain and phantom limb pain 18 Describe how analgesic drugs provide relief from pain Proprioceptive Sensations 19 Identify the types of proprioception and indicate their neural pathways areas of CNS processing and function Muscle Spindles 20 Describe the architecture and reflexive operation of the muscle spindle apparatus with their neural links to the CNS and skeletal muscle Tendon Organs 21 Describe the architecture and reflexive operation of the tendon organs with their neural links to the CNS and skeletal muscle Joint Kinesthetic Receptors 22 Discuss the location nature and purpose of joint kinesthetic receptors MOTOR CORTEX MAPS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX 23 Examine the samatic sensory and somatic motor maps in the cerebral cortex 24 Demonstrate the relationship of the proportion of sensory representation on the cortical surface with receptor density on the body surface 25 Describe the relationship between the number of motor units going to an area of the body and the amount of surface area of the primary motor cortex that controls that body part SOMATIC SENSORY PATHWAYS 26 Discuss the general neuronal components of the somatic sensory pathways from receptors to cerebral cortex Posterior Column Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the Cortex 27 Discuss the neuronal components and functions of the posterior column medial lemniscus pathway Anterolateral Pathways to the Cortex 28 Discuss the neuronal components and functions of the anterolateral pathway Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum 29 Describe the neural paths that lead from receptors to the cerebellum and how they are structurally different from the spinothalamic tracts 30 Discuss how Treponema pallidum impacts the operation of the spinocerebellar tract SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAYS 31 List the neural circuits termed the somatic motor pathways Organization of Upper Motor Neuron Pathways 32 Differentiate between direct motor pathways and indirect motor pathways 33 Describe the difference in paralysis symptoms with damage to upper versus lower motor neurons Direct Motor Pathways 34 Illustrate the neural pathway segments of three major representations of the descending pyramidal corticospinal tract and indicate their distinctive functions 35 Describe the effects of ALS on the motor pathway neruons Indirect Pathways List the central nervous system components that are involved with 36 processing of motor information of the extrapyramidal pathways and the tracts of the spinal cord where they connect Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia 37 Explain how the basal ganglia are involved in motor responses 38 Examine the effects of Parkinson disease and Huntington disease on the basal ganglia Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum Discuss the four principle operations of the cerebellum in the 39 coordination of conscious and subconscious skilled muscle movements Describe ataxia and intention tremors as symptoms of damage to 40 the cerebellum INTEGRATIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRUM List the major integrative functions of the cerebrum 41 Wakefulness and Sleep Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the wakefulness and sleep 42 cycle The Role of the Reticular Activating System in Awakening Describe the role of the reticular activating system in arousal and 43 consciousness Sleep 44 Discuss the characteristics of rapid eye movement REM sleep and the difference compared to the stages of non REM sleep Learning and Memory 45 Show how learning and memory are related and the areas of the brain that are though to be involved 46 Examine the theoretical mechanisms of short term and long term memory DISORDERS HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES 47 Discuss spinal cord injury and Parkinson disease in terms of cause symptoms and prognosis MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 48 Define the medical terminology associated with the sensory motor and integrative systems Chapter 16 INTRODUCTION 1 Briefly describe the receptors for the special senses OLFACTION SENSE OF SMELL 2 Discuss the interconnection of the senses of smell and taste Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors 3 Discuss the anatomic relation of cells in the olfactory mucosa and describe the cellular parts with respect to function Physiology of Olfaction 4 Describe the sequence of events in which a molecule that comes in contact with mucus of the epithelium initiates an action potential Odor Thresholds and Adaptation 5 Explain the result of olfactory nerve adaptation on sensory nerve output and how it is useful in discriminative sensory sensitivity Olfactory Pathway 6 Describe the neural links from the bipolar olfactory receptor to their destinations in specific functional areas of the brain 7 Define hyposmia and state its causes GUSTATION SENSE OF TASTE 8 Discuss the general similarities and differences in operation of the gustatory and olfactory systems then relate how they work together Anatomy of Taste buds and Papillae 9 Describe the