SOMATIC SENSATIONSMOTOR CORTEX MAPS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEXOrganization of Upper Motor Neuron PathwaysDirect Motor PathwaysIndirect PathwaysModulation of Movement by the Basal GangliaModulation of Movement by the CerebellumChapter 16Brain Pathway and Visual FieldsNature of Sound WavesAuditory PathwayDEVELOPMENT OF THE EYES AND EARSEyesEarsChapter 17Preganglionic NeuronsAutonomic GangliaAutonomic PlexusesPostganglionic NeuronsFOCUS ON HOMEOSTASIS: THE NERVOUS SYSTEMBiology 210 Exam 4 Study Guide (Chapters 15-17)Chapter 15INTRODUCTION1. Provide an overview of the three basic functions of the sensory, motor, and integrative systems of the nervous system.SENSATION2. Define and compare sensation and perception.Sensory Modalies3. Define sensory modality, give examples, and indicate the unique relationship to impulses transmitted along specific pathways.The Process of a Sensation4. Generally examine the four requisite events for a stimulus to become asensation.Sensory ReceptorsTypes of Sensory Receptors5. Describe the types of receptors in terms of association with general or special systems, location, and stimulus type.Adaptation in Sensory Receptors6. State what is meant by adaptation of receptors and provide examples of slow and rapidly adapting receptors.SOMATIC SENSATIONS7. Note the general location and nature of somatic receptors.8. Identify the cutaneous sensation modalities.Tactile Sensations9. Identify the tactile sensations, how they are detected, and the receptors involved.10. Describe the touch receptors and how they respond to a stimulus.11. Define and compare the sensations of pressure and vibration.12. Define and compare the sensations of itch and tickle.Thermal Sensations13. Identify the thermal sensations, their receptors, and the receptor locations.Pain Sensations14. Describe the function of pain.15. Identify the pain receptors, their location, and what stimulates them.Types of Pain16. Distinguish between fast and slow pain and among superficial somatic, deep somatic, and visceral pain.Localization of Pain17. Discuss the localization of pain, including referred pain and phantom limb pain.18. Describe how analgesic drugs provide relief from pain.Proprioceptive Sensations19. Identify the types of proprioception and indicate their neural pathways, areas of CNS processing, and function.Muscle Spindles20. Describe the architecture and reflexive operation of the muscle spindle apparatus with their neural links to the CNS and skeletal muscle.Tendon Organs21. Describe the architecture and reflexive operation of the tendon organs with their neural links to the CNS and skeletal muscle.Joint Kinesthetic Receptors22. Discuss the location, nature, and purpose of joint kinesthetic receptors.MOTOR CORTEX MAPS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX23. Examine the samatic sensory and somatic motor maps in the cerebral cortex.24. Demonstrate the relationship of the proportion of sensory representation on the cortical surface with receptor density on the bodysurface.25. Describe the relationship between the number of motor units going to an area of the body and the amount of surface area of the primary motor cortex that controls that body partSOMATIC SENSORY PATHWAYS26. Discuss the general neuronal components of the somatic sensory pathways from receptors to cerebral cortex.Posterior Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway to the Cortex27. Discuss the neuronal components and functions of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway.Anterolateral Pathways to the Cortex28. Discuss the neuronal components and functions of the anterolateralpathway.Somatic Sensory Pathways to the Cerebellum29. Describe the neural paths that lead from receptors to the cerebellum and how they are structurally different from the spinothalamic tracts.30. Discuss how Treponema pallidum impacts the operation of the spinocerebellar tract.SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAYS31. List the neural circuits termed the somatic motor pathways. Organization of Upper Motor Neuron Pathways32. Differentiate between direct motor pathways and indirect motor pathways. 33. Describe the difference in paralysis symptoms with damage to upper versus lower motor neurons.Direct Motor Pathways34. Illustrate the neural pathway segments of three major representations of the descending pyramidal-corticospinal tract and indicate their distinctive functions.35. Describe the effects of ALS on the motor pathway neruons.Indirect Pathways36. List the central nervous system components that are involved with processing of motor information of the extrapyramidal pathways and the tracts of the spinal cord where they connect.Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia37. Explain how the basal ganglia are involved in motor responses.38. Examine the effects of Parkinson disease and Huntington disease on the basal ganglia.Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum39. Discuss the four principle operations of the cerebellum in the coordination of conscious and subconscious skilled muscle movements.40. Describe ataxia and intention tremors as symptoms of damage to the cerebellum.INTEGRATIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE CEREBRUM41. List the major integrative functions of the cerebrum.Wakefulness and Sleep42. Describe the role of the hypothalamus in the wakefulness and sleepcycle.The Role of the Reticular Activating System in Awakening43. Describe the role of the reticular activating system in arousal and consciousness.Sleep44. Discuss the characteristics of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and the difference compared to the stages of non-REM sleep.Learning and Memory45. Show how learning and memory are related and the areas of the brain that are though to be involved.46. Examine the theoretical mechanisms of short-term and long-term memory.DISORDERS: HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCES47. Discuss spinal cord injury and Parkinson disease in terms of cause,symptoms, and prognosis.MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY 48. Define the medical terminology associated with the sensory, motor, and integrative systems.Chapter 16INTRODUCTION1. Briefly describe the receptors for the special senses.OLFACTION: SENSE OF SMELL2. Discuss the interconnection of the senses of smell and taste.Anatomy of Olfactory Receptors3. Discuss the anatomic relation of cells in the olfactory mucosa and describe the cellular parts with respect to function.Physiology of Olfaction4. Describe the sequence of events in which a molecule that comes in contact with mucus of the epithelium initiates an action potential.Odor