Language Study Guide Definitions examples of morphemes phonemes syntax semantics Morphemes smallest units of meaningful language Phonemes smallest unit of a sound in a language that give it meaning dog 1 dogs 2 rake vs lake cap vs cat Syntax rules specifying how words from different categories can be combined age 5 syntactic bootstrapping Semantics meaning of a word Pragmants using words appropriate for social contexts tone body language Development patterns of infant phoneme perception methods findings Head Turn Task 6 mo can discriminate syllables in different languages 10 12 mo cannot Early exposure is vital Synaptic pruning perceptual narrowing Problem of reference ex Quine s gavagai problem Alien doesn t know what exactly you re talking about when you point to a bunny and say gavagai labels are ambiguous Know the different constraints biases on word learning mutual exclusivity shape bias syntactic bootstrapping etc examples Language Study Guide1 Mutual Exclusivity show me the blicket baby can learn a word using logic and process of elimination if they know all objects names except one Shape Bias dax will call that shape a dax regardless of the change in size or color Syntactic Bootstrapping duck rabbit kradding can learn different meanings of words with context Taxonomic Constraint show me another flurg children connect words to others in the same category bunny flurg Examples of how the social context can influence different aspects of language development ex word learning Pragmatic Development sarcasm tone question Paying attention to the speakers attention Prosody rhythm tempo melody Infant Directed Talk babies pay attention more when you talk in a baby voice Prosody examples research findings Prenatal sensitivity hear melody of speech of their native language Same pitch of a phrase is seen as same meaning good boy no stop are good if in high pitch 8mo Over regularization Treating irregular words as regular he goed to the store when i growed up when i grewed up they say man mans not men Over applying rules to words they don t know Evidence for a language critical period Language Study Guide2 Children not exposed to language before 5 years old have difficulty learning it esp grammar rules Brain lateralization in language learning Language is located in left hemisphere can be moved to the right hemisphere if they don t learn it before the critical period Native language left other languages right Broca s Aphasia broken speech motor cortex Wernicke s Aphasia fluent nonsensical speech auditory cortex Case study of Nicaraguan Sign Language what it tells us about language development the relationship between language and thought 50 Nicaraguan children born deaf did not have access to proper sign language education in the school Created their own original language to communicate Older signers full body movement only described events Younger signers hand wrist movement described emotions and feelings better ToM Language Study Guide3
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