EXAM 1 QUESTIONS:1. Experiences that are unique to each individual within a family are referred to as:a. Shared geneticsb. Nonshared geneticsc. Shared environmentd. Nonshared environment2. You go to the gym every day and want to know if the scale you are stepping on is correct. To do this, you put a 25-pound weight on the scale every day for a week and record the number. If the scale read 20 poundsevery day, your scale has high _________, and low _________.a. Validity, reliabilityb. Validity, validityc. Reliability, validityd. Reliability, reliability3. Dr. Soanso views development as a _______ process, where quantitative advances are made gradually. Dr. Hooevher views development as a ________ process, where advances are characterized by abrupt, qualitative shifts in thinking and behavior.a. Discontinuous, continuousb. Continuous, discontinuousc. Cognitive, metacognitived. Metacognitive, cognitive4. “Controlled-rearing” studies are designed to assess how subjects at different ages control or influence certain aspects of their own development.a. Trueb. False5. Immediately following conception, the fertilized egg is known as the:a. Blastocystb. Embryoc. Gameted. Zygote6. Teratogens are:a. Drugs used to treat congenital birth defectsb. Genetic mutations that lead to disruptions in developmentc. Environmental agents that cause disruptions in developmentd. Chemical substances produced by the placenta to sustain fetal life7. John Locke’s view of the newborn mind as a tabula rasa means that the child isa. A noble savage incapable of wrongdoingb. A noble savage capable of wrongdoingc. A blank slate upon which a genetic program unfolds its pland. A blank slate upon which experiences are etched8. “Crossing over” during meiosis refers to:a. The development of female genitalia by an XY zygoteb. A process by which two members of a chromosomal pair swap sections of DNAc. The random shuffling of the members of the 23 chromosomal pairs in the formation of egg and spermd. Communicating with dead relatives9. “Down Syndrome” is an example of which one of the following:a. A meiotic errorb. Trisomy 18c. An epigenetic disorderd. A recessive allele10. The “relative size” of one object vs. another is an example of which of the following types of depth cues?a. Pictorialb. Binocularc. Kineticd. Dynamic11. Which of the following types of genes is expressed when an individual is heterozygous for a trait (assuming a Mendelian inheritance pattern)?a. Recessiveb. Dominantc. Polygenicd. Allelee. None of the above12. Using a naturalistic observation method would be most appropriate for studying which of the following?a. Toddlers’ responses to their parents encouraging them to touch dangerous objectsb. The frequency of bullying behavior among school childrenc. Elementary school children’s beliefs about how smart their classmates ared. An examination of a single child’s feelings about his friendships13. The process of cell division that forms the gametes and usually results in a cell containing 23 chromosomesis calleda. Crossing overb. Mutationc. Meiosisd. Mitosis14. ________ are typically thought to be the building blocks; _________ is thought to be the order and meaning imposed upon those basic elements.a. Constructs, constructionb. Sensations, perceptionsc. Percepts, sensationd. Percepts, attention15. Traits such as schizophrenia, or depression are called ‘polygenic’ because they are mainly caused by:a. Many environmental factorsb. A combination of many genesc. The polygenomed. Epigenetics16. Which of the following describes a negative correlation?a. As the number of reinforcers for a child’s inappropriate behavior decreases, the frequency of inappropriate behavior decreasesb. As the time spent playing with a child per day increases, the number of crying episodes per day decreasesc. The greater the number of hours that have passed since the last meal, the more irritable a child getsd. A child’s weight increases as her or his height increases17. Which of the following is evidence for a greater importance of environmental factors in the development ofa particular trait?a. An adoptive twin study shows that the correlation between identical twins who grew up together is higher than the correlation between identical twins who grew up apartb. A twin study shows that the correlation between identical twins is higher than the correlation between fraternal twinsc. An adoption study shows that the correlation between adoptive children and their biological parents is higher than the correlation between the children and their adoptive parentsd. All of the above are evidence of the importance of environmental factors in the development of thetrait18. Infants are born with adult-like levels of visual acuitya. Trueb. False19. In the class on Heredity, we watched a video on The Minnesota Twins Study that reported which of the following findings?a. Monozygotic twins are no more similar than dizygotic twins raised togetherb. Monozygotic twins reared apart aren’t nearly as similar as monozygotic twins reared togetherc. Monozygotic twins reared apart are significantly more similar to one another than monozygotic twins raised togetherd. Monozygotic twins are no more similar than dizygotic twins raised aparte. Team outfielders are less alike than team infielders and pitchers20. Which of the following acts as a defensive barrier against toxins and infections while still allowing for oxygen and nutrients to pass into the developing fetus’ blood?a. Umbilical cordb. Amniotic sacc. Placentad. Amniotic fluid21. Imagine researchers estimated the heritability score for Trait T to be 75%. Which of the following statements is a misinterpretation of this estimate?a. There is little individuals can do to improve their level of Tb. John Smith’s level of Trait T is 75% due to his genesc. Trait T demonstrates a stable genetic influence on a population over time and placed. All of the above are misinterpretations22. Which of the following in an example of apoptosis?a. Splitting of the fertilized egg into two equal partsb. Death of cells in between the ridges on the hand platec. Movement of new cells into the outer layer of the braind. Specialization of eye cells23. The most important factor for infants being able to perceive the two ends of a rod as belonging to the same object is:a. The relative shape of the two endsb. The relative motions of the two rodsc. The relative colors of the two endsd. The