Review Sheet Exam 1 Psych 350 This review sheet highlights some important concepts and terms from each of the chapters and associated lectures that will be covered in the upcoming exam This list is not intended to be exhaustive For instance there are many key terms that appear in each of the topic areas many of which are listed in the textbook at the end of each chapter I have not reproduced those lists here but they are important to understand nonetheless The best use of this guide would be to prepare as you normally would completing all the readings reviewing lecture notes memorizing bolded terms etc and then testing your understanding on the items listed below I hope you find this useful Please let us know if you have any questions Themes and Foundations Understand the major themes in Child Development and be able to provide examples particularly for Nature nurture continuity discontinuity sociocultural influence the active child individual differences resilience What was arguably the first developmental study discussed in the second lecture Describe who it involved what it was testing for the method etc know Aristotle Plato Locke and Rousseau s views of childhood Darwin s contributions understand the logic and several examples of controlled rearing studies You should be familiar with the many theories listed in this chapter but you don t need to focus a lot on the particulars We will cover these more extensively when we get to the relevant topics later in class e g Piaget Cognitive Development Freud and social development etc Nature vs Nurture Nature Emphasizes genetic and biological factors Example A child s height and eye color are largely determined by genetics Nurture Highlights environmental and social in uences Example A child s language development is heavily in uenced by their exposure to language in their environment Continuity vs Discontinuity Continuity Suggests development occurs gradually and steadily Example A child s increase in vocabulary over time Discontinuity Proposes development occurs in distinct stages Example Piaget s stages of cognitive development The impact of culture society and social interactions on a child s Sociocultural In uence development Example A child growing up in a collectivist culture may develop a strong sense of community and interdependence The Active Child Children actively shape their own development through their actions choices and exploration Example A toddler actively exploring their environment to learn about objects and relationships Individual Differences Resilience Recognizing that children vary in their responses to adversity and challenges Example Some children may demonstrate resilience in the face of adversity and bounce back from di cult experiences more easily than others First Developmental Study Arguably the rst developmental study was conducted by Charles Darwin It involved his own son William Darwin and aimed to explore the development of emotions in infancy Darwin observed and recorded his son s expressions and reactions in response to various stimuli Views of Childhood by Historical Figures Aristotle Plato Believed that children were born as blank slates and that their experiences and education would shape their character and abilities Argued that children were born with innate knowledge and that education should focus on recollecting this knowledge through introspection and re ection John Locke Advocated the tabula rasa blank slate theory asserting that children are born with no innate knowledge and their development is shaped entirely by their experiences and interactions Jean Jacques Rousseau Proposed that children are inherently good and that society s corrupting in uences lead to negative behaviors He emphasized the importance of natural development Darwin s Contributions Charles Darwin s work on the evolution of species in uenced the understanding of human development His observations of his own children and the Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals laid the foundation for the study of emotional development Controlled Rearing Studies Controlled rearing studies involve raising children or animals in controlled environments to investigate the effects of speci c factors on development Example Harry Harlow s studies with rhesus monkeys where he separated infants from their mothers and examined the impact of social isolation and surrogate mothers on their development Methods review from textbook Describe the procedures involved in the scientific method know types of important criteria for good measurement the differences between reliability validity as well as the different types Define three methodological contexts for gathering data and summarize the advantages and disadvantages of each Recognize and label examples of correlational designs Identify the risks and benefits associated with the use of correlational designs Recognize and label assignment experimental and control groups independent variables and dependent variables the essential components of experimental designs including random Explain the major advantage and disadvantage of experimental designs Describe a technique for overcoming the major limitation of experimental designs Recognize and label examples of each of the three designs for studying development and the advantages disadvantages of each Pre natal development Major Structural Changes in Prenatal Development Period of the Zygote Conception to 2 Weeks Fertilization Sperm meets egg forming a zygote Cell Division Rapid mitotic divisions occur Formation of Blastocyst Zygote becomes a hollow uid lled ball of cells Implantation Blastocyst attaches to the uterine wall Period of the Embryo 2 to 8 Weeks Formation of Germ Layers Ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm develop Organogenesis Organs and major body systems begin to form Heartbeat Heart starts beating around the 4th week Limb Buds Limb buds appear and facial features start forming Period of the Fetus 9 Weeks to Birth Growth and Maturation Rapid growth in size and complexity Organ Re nement Organs and systems continue to develop and mature Movement Fetus starts moving and responding to stimuli Viable Fetus Around 24 weeks the fetus becomes potentially viable outside the womb 4 Major Developmental Processes in Cell Development Apoptosis Programmed cell death to remove unwanted or damaged cells Mitosis Cell division for growth and tissue repair Migration Movement of cells to their designated locations during development Differentiation Cells