Perception Leftovers perceptual narrowing examples Perceptual Narrowing a developmental process during which the brain uses environmental experiences to shape perceptual abilities Ex other race effect 9 month old infants are more likely to misperceive 2 different people from the Same race as the same while 3 month olds have an easier time telling people apart regardless of race auditory perception beings prenatally adult like by 6 months well developed at birth experiments in the dark for infant sound localization general results related to music perception changes in beat detected by newborn in their sleep changes in melody by 7 months rhythm matching 120 infants hearing rhythmic beats classical and speech tended to move more in sync with the music cross modal aka intermodal perception methods and results associations with sound and touch example infant looking experiment where infants look at an image of a pacifier that they were sucking For longer nubby or smooth pacifier Babies move in sync with music the more in sync they were the more they smiled Synesthesia Motor name and describe examples of reflexes that are present at birth particularly ones mentioned in lecture Survival serve obvious physical needs Breathing rooting sucking swallowing eye blinking pupillary Primitive serves no obvious physical needs could be leftover from important reflexes at the beginning Of human development disappear after 6 months Moro baby extends limbs grasping tonic neck baby on back rotates head 90 degrees and extends arm babinski curling of toes when stroking foot stepping swimming know examples supporting the role of culture and experience in the achievement delay of motor Milestones Mali mothers exercising their babies and babies sit up 5 weeks earlier and walk 3 weeks earlier Large influence of nature but environment and culture allow for flexibility Twin stair test one was trained to use stairs and one wasn t and they were both able to use the stairs at the same time Describe the developmental progression of reaching and self locomotion Self locomotion 8 months beginning to crawl 13 months begin walking Babies on their back have less of a motivation to crawl or roll over Reaching 0 3 months pre reaching movements 3 months successful reaching movements but poorly controlled 7 months reaching becomes stable with the ability to sit independently 10 months signs of anticipatory reaching dynamic systems theory and supporting examples Actions can be influenced by bodily mechanisms such as strength posture control balance perception main conclusion from studies with animals e g baby chicks cats Cats only active kittens responded normally avoided visual cliff blinked in response to moving objects Motor activity must be paired with visual input Chicks could peck closer to X because their necks were maturing not because of practice how active vs passive experience affects motor development Active is always better than passive because it allows for quicker results Active child does things for themselves Passive waiting for desired things to come to them instead of doing it themselves visual flow fields and how they support experience based theories of motor development and the important connection between vision and movement Walking or moving at different speeds produce different visual flow fields Ex blind children showing delays in walking Learning Memory definitions and examples for each type of learning ability habituation classical operant statistical observational Habituation decrease in response to a stimulus after being repeatedly exposed to it Dishabituation recovery of interest in response to something new Classical associative learning via pairings of stimulus and response Ex pavlov s dog Operant learning relationship between one s own behavior and consequences Ex tie string of mobile to baby s foot and see how long before they realize that when they move Foot they will have a pleasurable experience of looking at mobile observed at 2 months Statistical implicit infants are sensitive to statistically predictable patterns Ex show baby series of symbols and they look longer when you switch the pattern Observational infants predisposed to mimic without reward Ex imitating faces turning on light with forehead know examples of how our nature makes some things easier harder to learn food aversions fear of certain animals likely for survival instincts infantile amnesia and possible explanations lack of brain development freud would say trauma encoding specificity error Cognition object permanence tasks including the A not B task general results at different ages with different methods e g reaching vs looking time Piaget underestimated children s abilities Though object permanence occurred until 9 months but It really occurs at 2 months A not B task children watched an experimenter place a toy in spot A and when asked to find it the childr Could but not when the object was moved to spot B Piaget tested object permanence using reaching which was difficult for babies lack of motor skill develop Looking allows for more precise and accurate assessment of babies knowledge Object behind a wall babies will not go around obstacles they will only reach for objects in their line of Sight Piagetian learning mechanisms accommodation assimilation equilibration Assimilation applying new information to prior knowledge schemas babies constantly sucking nipple From bottle or toys they put in their hands Accommodation taking new information and using it to change or replace prior knowledge Equilibrium the balance between the two logic and main findings of studies testing infants sensitivity to physical principles e g solidity etc Infants have knowledge of physical properties Stared longer at impossible event infants understanding of object support relationships know the developmental progression contract no contact 3 months object can float as long as it is touching another object type of contact 5 months objects can t float must be supported by another object amount of contact 6 5 months needs at least 50 support form of contact 12 months which objects can t support which infants numerical abilities purely one knowers for about 7 months can count lists 1 10 by age 3 but don t understand numbers development of counting abilities in children performance on object liquid conservation tasks even adults are fooled by liquid conservation tasks children mistake the amount of liquids in a container or the amount of