January 30 2015 Introduction Chapter 1 The Science of Psychology Textbook Notes Introduction SQ3R Method reciting what you have just read out loud F P Robinson wrote book called Effective Study in 1946 using the SQ3R S Survey Q Question R Read R Recite R Recall Review The human mind is not meant to multitask it negatively affects how you process the material Mnemonic memory trick or strategy that helps you to remember something The fact that it uses the scientific method Psychology s four primary goals description explanation prediction control 1 Description What is happening Chapter 1 The Science of Psychology Section 1 The Study of Psychology and its History What is Psychology What is Psychology What defines psychology as a field of study Provides the observations 2 Explanation Why is it happening Helps to build the theory 3 Prediction When will it happen again What will it happen in the future 4 Control How can it be changed Modification of behavior Psychology Then The History of Psychology How long has psychology been around Psychology is only about 135 years old it is a relatively new scientific study been around since 1879 In the Beginning Wundt Introspection and the Laboratory Who were some of the earlier pioneers in psychology and how did structuralism and functionalism differ Wilhelm Wundt Physiologist in Leipzig Germany studied the human mind using scientific principles thought consciousness could be broken down through objective introspection using physical sensations reactions conducted holding rock in hand experiment Established first true experimental lab in psychology and focus on objectivity are reasons he is known as the father of modern psychology January 30 2015 Titchener and Structuralism in America Edward Titchner 1867 1972 student of Wundt s Englishman Cornell University in Ithaca New York viewpoint was called structuralism the structure of the mind examined objective introspection using thoughts as well as physical sensations reactions when given blue obj vs thoughts on what is blue Margaret F Washburn student of Titchener s 1894 first woman to receive Ph D in psychology 1908 published The Animal Mind Structuralism died out in early 1900 s when a competing view arose functionalism William James and Functionalism Harvard University first school in America to offer classes in psychology in the late 1870s William James 1842 1910 psychology teacher at Harvard wrote textbook Principles of Psychology interested in the importance of consciousness to everyday life functionalism perspective in psychology the focus of study is how the mind allows people to function in the real world adapt live work and play Theories were influenced by Darwin s ideas about natural selection For example examining a behavior such as avoiding the eyes of others in an elevator Mary Whiton Calkins student of William James Harvard denied her a Ph D in psychology that she earned because she was a woman Estab Psychological lab at Wellesley College researched the area of human memory and psychology of the self 1905 became first female pres Of the American Psychological Association Francis Cecil Sumner 1920 first black to receive Ph D in psychology chair the psychology department at Howard University father of African American Psychology Kenneth and Mamie Clark worked to show negative effects of school segregation on African American children George Sanchez Hispanic psychologist 1940 researched the area of intelligence testing focusing on the cultural biases in such test Is Functionalism Still an Important View in Psychology Functionalism has died out but there are still elements of it in modern fields of educational psychology and industrial organizational psychology Functionalism played a part in the development of evolutionary psychology Section 3 Gestalt Psychology The Whole is Greater than the sum of its parts 1 3 What were the basic ideas and who were the important people behind the early approaches as Gestalt psychoanalysis and behaviorism Max Wertheimer Gestaltist looked at big pic Gestalt psychology focused on perception and sensation particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures cognitive psychology gestalt therapy January 30 2015 Sigmund Freud neurologist proposed there is an unconscious unaware mind into which we push or repress all of our threatening urges and desires these repressed urges trying to come out create nervous disorders Psychoanalysis insight therapy based on theory of Freud emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts Freud s term for the theory of personality and the therapy based on it Basis of modern psychotherapy Ivan Pavlov physiologist dog salivate metronome experiment tested reflex involuntary reaction learned or conditioned reflexive response conditioning basis of Watson s perspective of behaviorism John Watson 1900s early father of behaviorism focusing on only observable behavior learned behavior little Albert scary noise causing fear in the future Mary Cover Jones counterconditioning experiment made Little Peter scared of rabbit then gave him food he liked pleasure of food outweighed fear of rabbit cognitive psychology behavior therapy masters under Watson pub 1952 first educational television course in child development Psychology Then The History of Psychology no one single perspective is used to explain all human behavior and processes A relatively new science that formally began in 1879 when Wilhelm Wundt the Father of Psychology established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig Germany studied nonphysical structure i e thought experiences emotions etc of the human mind used objective introspection to study processes that were the result of physical sensations first attempt to bring objectivity and measurement to psychology Structuralism founded by Edward Titchener student of Wundt s expanded Wundt s original ideas believed every experience could be broken down into individual emotions and sensations applied introspection method to thoughts as well as physical sensations Functionalism founded by William James influenced by Darwin s ideas about natural selection focused on how the mind allows people to function in the real world interested in how behavioral traits could aid in survival influenced development of evolutionary psychology has elements in educational psychology and industrial organizational psychology Gestalt psychology founded by Max Wertheimer did not believe that psychological events could be broken down into