TAMU PSYC 107 - Chapter 9- Thinking, Reasoning, and Language

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PSYC EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE Chapter 9 Thinking Reasoning and Language Cognitive baises Heuristics Representativeness like goes with like over estimating the likely hood of an event to happen tossing a coin 10 times Availability off the top of my head over estimating the likely hood of an event to happen based on how easily it comes to mind Heuristics and biases simplify and reduce the information needed for decision making Top Down Processing streamlines cognitive functioning by utilizing preexisting knowledge Decision making many of our daily decisions are made implicitly and based on cognitive economy Framing has an impact on decisions even when the underlying information relevant to these decisions is identical Problem Solving generating a cognitive strategy to accomplish a specific goal Obstacles to Problem solving 1 Salience of surface similarities finding similarities in both problems to solve a 2 Mental sets stuck with one way to solve a problem the prevents us from looking for 3 Functional fixedness fixated on the conventional use problem an easier way Language Features of Language highly practices and automatic process four levels of analysis must be coordinated Phonemes sounds we use probably around 100 total each language only uses a subset ranging from 15 60 40 45 Hawaiian has as few as 13 phonemes Morphemes smallest units of meaning convey information about semantics can be full words dog Syntax include word order morphological markers and sentence structure real world language rarely follows these rules completely Extralinguistic information facial expressions tone of voice previous statements by others used to help interpret ambiguous information Perception of Language flowers bloom in the the spring How and Why Did Language Evolve Advantages communication complex ideas coordinating social interactions assisting in complex actives Learning Words how do children learn language comprehension precede production Studying language evolution is complicated phonemes morphemes and syntax are not usually related to what they refer exceptions include onomatopoeia and sound symbolism recognize words long before they re able to say them Begin to produce words around 1 yr of age with an exponential rate of increase two word stage around 2yrs old Tend to over and under extend word meanings early on over extend tall bearded guy dad any tall bearded guy dad Sensitive period the younger you are the better you will learn a new language less is more theory Sign Language uses the same area of the brain as speech Broca Wernicke s relies on visual communication not just gestures exhibits all features of spoken language Bilingualism same brain areas Nonhuman Animal Communication scent visual vocal Teaching Human Language chimps used reinforcements bonobos most like human animal species differ in the complexity and type of communication Many attempts to teach animals human language with mixed results learn simply through observing african gray parrot used reinforcements Humans appear unique in our ability to use language is a sophisticated way Chapter 11 Emotion refer to perturbations of Response patterns that subserve function Behavioral muscle response appropriate for facial expression Hormonal secretion of stress hormones Autonomic sympathetic activation Feelings typical aspect of emotion Negative anxiety fear anger Positive euphoria joy Mental state or feelings associated with our evaluation of our experiences Discrete emotions theory Good sport for seven primary emotions happiness disgust fear sadness surprise anger and contempt these combine to form secondary emotions Cultural Differences in Expression Cultural differ in display rules cant kiss in public in Europe Do not influence emotion itself but instead its overt expression Emotions and Physiology Able to differentiate some primary emotions physiologically Heart rate increases more with negative emotions Digestive systems slow down with fear Not all are different Happy and sad look the same in brain scans Multiple brain regions are active in all emotions Recognition of Emotion We infer emotional state using Visual cues facial expression body language Auditory cues intonation Recognition of emotion in other persons involves the right hemisphere right hemisphere lesions impair recognition of emotions from facial expressions or hand gestures Damage to the amygdala impairs the ability to recognize facial expression of fear Patient S M Real vs Fake Emotions genuine emotions Certain components of facial expression allow us to distinguish when someone is showing a Duchenne vs Pan Am fake smiles Fake smiles controls on voluntary muscles A genuine smile uses more involuntary muscles to make a real smile Cognitive Theories of Emotions Posit that emotions are products of thinking rather than the other way around No discrete emotions there are as many emotions as there are kinds of thoughts Earliest theories were James Lange and Cannon Bard theories what we feel is due to physiological responses hormone release heart rate increase feeding feedback to our brain which causes us to feel emotions James Lange Theory of Emotion Emotional stimuli evoke physiological reactions including muscle contraction sensory feedback from reactions is perceived by brain to generate feelings Supported by Sweet s study of reduced emotional sensation to music in a man whose sympathetic nerves were transected on one side of the body Hohman s study of emotions in persons sustaining accidental spinal cord transections High spinal cord transections produced greater reductions in emotional Two factor theory states that emotions are produced by an undifferentiated arousal with an Cognitive Theories of Emotion attribution of that arousal Unconscious influences on Emotion Many emotional reactions may be generated automatically subliminal exposure to positive or negative cues influences moods Mere exposure effect liking more familiar stimuli a commercial playing over and over again Facial feedback hypothesis you are more likely to feel emotions that correspond to your facial features Chapter 12 Stress and Health Three approaches to stress Stressors as stimuli helps identify situations that cause more stress as well as persons that react more strongly Stress as a response corticosteriods disasters impacting an entire community can increase social awareness and cement bonds Stress as a transaction primary and secondary appraisals coping problem focused vs emotion focused


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TAMU PSYC 107 - Chapter 9- Thinking, Reasoning, and Language

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