Psychology Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 5 Human Development Developmental Psychology study of physical mental and social changes throughout the hu man lifespan Cross sectional design examine people of different ages at a single time Cohort effects variation in your data data Longitudinal designs correlation research study involves repealed observations at intervals to examine effects of development Post hoc fallacy assumed that because one thing occurred after another it must have oc curred as a result of it prayer Bidirectional influences both genetic and and environmental Prenatal Development Stage 1 Germinal Zygote the fertilized egg 2 week period of rapid cell division undifferentiated blastocyst after fertilized travels to fallopian tube to the uterus It divides and duplicates becoming a blastocyst and implants itself in the uterus by the 6th day Critical periods particular stages of development when certain environmental influences Stage 2 Embryo pre natal period from 2 weeks through 8 weeks Stage 3 Fetus prenatal period from 8 weeks to birth Nature and nurture matter in utero strongly impact development Teratogen Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder FASD Maternal nutrition Maternal stress Motor Development motor behaviors behaviors which involve motor management crawling infants are born with a large set of automatic motor behaviors reflexes sucking and rooting reflexes influenced by physical maturity as well as cultural and parenting practices Adolescence Puberty Causes changes in primary and secondary sex characteristics Menarch and spermarche Genetic and environmental influence timing of puberty Physical Development in Adults most adults reach physical peaks in early 20s strength coordination speed of cognitive processing and physical flexibility Declines shortly thereafter in muscle tone sensory processes and fertility Menopause signals the end of a female reproductive ability Cognitive Development initially immature nervous system 1yr cerebellum 3 6 yrs frontal lobe association areas are the last to develop brain growth is neurocomplexity not new neurons Environment nurture affects brain development Infant child Cognitive Development Assimilation interpreting one s new experience in terms of existing schemas can lead to errors biases prejudice Accommodation adapting schemas to include new experiences Piaget s Stages of Cognitive Development Typical Age Range Description of Stage Birth to nearly 2 years About 2 6 years About 7 11 years Development Phenomena Object permanence stranger anxiety Pretend play Egocentrism Language development Conservation Mathematical transformations Sensorimotor Experiencing the world through senses and actions looking touching mouthing operational Pre Representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning Concrete operational Thinking logically about concrete events grasping concrete analo gies and performing arithmetical operations About 12 adulthood Formal operational Abstract reasoning Abstract logic Potential for moral reasoning Sensorimotor stage the infant uses its sense and motor abilities to interact with objects in Object performance ability to form cognitive representation that objects exist even when Pre operational stage the preschool child learns the use of language as a means of explor the environment Piagets first stage of cognitive development Schemas revolve around sensorimotor info they are out of sight ing the world Second stage Schemas become more sophisticated Egocentrism Do NOT have conservation Conservation ability to understand that changing the appearance of something does not Concrete operational school age child becomes capable of logical thinking but not yet ab Formal operations adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking Vygotsky s Theory focused on social and cultural influences on cognitive development Zone of proximal development and development readiness for learning Attachment Strong emotional ties formed to one or more intimate companions change its volume stract thinking Third stage Rule drive I m telling fourth stage can think in the abstract Personality Development How does attachment start Contact comfort Familiarity Responsive parenting Attachment Types Secure happy to explore but eager to reunite upset when caregiver departs and stranger is mom brought into the room with baby stranger comes mom leaves mom comes back Anxious resistant insecure upset when caregiver leaves and angry with her when she re present turns Avoidant insecure explore without touching base not upset when caregiver leaves or re turns accepts strangers avoid caregiver Disorganized disoriented insecure seem fearful dazed and or depressed in both situa tions sometimes abused or neglected Levels of Morality Pre conventional consequences determine morality get something good morally good get something bad morally bad Conventional society s norms determine morality rules laws moral dont want to break the law because of the consequences Post Convenional morality decided upon by individual the right thing to do humane justice Rules within you may conflict with society s rules although its bad to steal he has to steal the drugs to save his wife s life During middle adulthood people gradually become aware of changes in their bodies Adulthood Physical Changes Early adulthood marks the peak of physical health From about 18 25 years of age Strength is the greatest Reflexes are quickest Chances of dying from disease are minimal Weight gain is common Sense organs become less sensitive Reactions to stimuli are slower Cognitive Changes in Aging Crystallized Intelligence stays high one s accumulated knowledge and verbal skills Fluid Intelligence drops off ones ability to reason speedily and abstractly comes from experience Adulthood and the Brain Neurons die with age Wisdom increased ability to know what matters to live well and to show good judgment but can continue to increase in complexity Dementia loss in mental functioning caused by physical change in the brain Fewer that 1 of those over 60 have dementia About 20 over 80 have dementia Alzheimer s disease is one form of dementia Chapter 6 Consciousness Consciousness our awareness of ourselves mental processes thoughts feelings percep tions and our environments our experience of a moment as we move through it State of Consciousness Waking consciousness Thoughts feelings and sensations are clear and organized Altered state of consciousness a reduction in the quality of mental