Ch 4 Consciousness 1 Consciousness a person s awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given time 2 Waking consciousness state in which thoughts feelings and sensations are clear organized and the person feels 3 Altered state of consciousness state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as alert compared to waking consciousness 4 Circadian rhythm a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24 hour period 5 Microsleeps brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds 6 Sleep deprivation any significant loss of sleep resulting in problems in concentration and irritability 7 Adaptive theory theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active 8 Restorative theory theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage 9 REM sleep stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream 10 Non REM sleep any of the stages of sleep that do not include REM 11 Beta waves smaller and faster brain waves typically indicating mental activity 12 Alpha waves brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep 13 Theta waves brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep 14 Hypnogogic images hallucinations false sensory perceptions such as hearing voices that do not really exist 15 Hypnic jerk the relaxation of the muscles as one drifts into sleep cause a falling sensation at which point the body jerks awake to prevent the fall 16 Sleep spindles brief bursts of activity lasting only a second or two 17 Delta waves long slow brain waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep 18 Sleep paralysis the inability to of the voluntary muscles to move during REM sleep 19 REM rebound increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights 20 Nightmares bad dreams occurring during REM sleep 21 REM behavior disorder a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act on nightmares 22 Night terrors relatively rare disorders in which the person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around 23 Sleepwalking somnambulism occurring during deep sleep an episode of moving around or walking around in during deep sleep without waking fully one s sleep 24 Insomnia the inability to get to sleep stay asleep or get a good quality of sleep 25 Sleep apnea disorder in which the person stops breathing for 10 seconds or more 26 Narcolepsy sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning 27 Manifest content actual dream itself 28 Latent content the symbolic or hidden meaning of dreams 29 Activation synthesis hypothesis premise that states that dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the activation by the brain stem or cortical cells during REM sleep periods 30 Activation information mode model AIM revised version of the activation synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams 31 Hypnosis state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion 32 Dissociation divided state of conscious awareness 33 Social cognitive theory of hypnosis theory that assumes people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state but are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation 34 Psychoactive drugs chemical substances that alter thinking perception and memory 35 Physical dependence condition occurring when a person s body becomes unable to function normally without a 36 Drug tolerance the decrease of the response to a drug over repeated uses leading to the need for higher doses of particular drug drug to achieve the same effect 37 Withdrawal physical symptoms that can include nausea pain tremors crankiness and high blood pressure resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems 38 Psychological dependence the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well being 39 Stimulants drugs that increase the functioning of the nervous system 40 Depressants drugs that decrease the functioning of the nervous system 41 Hallucinogens drugs that cause false sensory messages altering the perception of reality 42 Amphetamines stimulants that are synthesized made in laboratories rather than being found in nature 43 Cocaine a natural drug derived from the leaves of the coca plant 44 Nicotine the active ingredient in tobacco 45 Caffeine a mild stimulant found in coffee tea and several other plant based substance 46 Barbiturates drugs that have a sedative sleep inducing effect 47 Benzodiazepines drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stress 48 Alcohol the chemical resulting from fermentation or distillation of various kinds of vegetable matter 49 Narcotics a class of opium related drug that suppress the sensation of pain by binding to and stimulating the nervous system s natural receptor sites for endorphins 50 Opium substance derived from the opium poppy from which all narcotic drugs are derived 51 Morphine narcotic drug derived from opium used to treat severe pain 52 Heroin narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive 53 LSD lysergic acid diethylamide powerful synthetic hallucinogen 54 PCP synthesized drug now used an animal tranquilizer that can cause stimulant depressant narcotic or 55 MDMA Ecstasy X designer drug that can have both stimulant and hallucinatory effects 56 Stimulatory hallucinogenics drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucinogenic effects 57 Marijuana mild hallucinogen also known as pot or weed derived from the leaves and flowers of a particular hallucinogenic effects type of hemp plant Ch 5 Learning 1 Learning any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice 2 Reflex an involuntary response one that is not under personal control or choice 3 Classical conditioning learning to make an involuntary response to a stimulus other than the original natural stimulus that normally produces the response 4 Unconditioned stimulus UCS in classical conditioning a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an 5 Unconditioned response UCR in classical conditioning an involuntary and unlearned response