1 Wednesday October 8 Music Test Information Pay attention to the Keynotes and the main points of the readings Everyone will select one person that they think will do well on the test and if you choose well you could get chits as well as the people who receive the most votes This lecture will not be included for the First unit test even though it is being covered NMIX 2020 2 30 3 20 Pr Shamp before midterm History Epochs Analog Mechanical have any playback device played back Analog a copy that reflected the properties of the original Mechanical refers to the physical forces acoustic vibrations and physical modulations created when playing back an analog recorded sound Phonautograph recorded the visual representation of sound waves but didn t Leon Scott de Martinville was teaching people how to speak usng this Tin foil Photograph Made vibrations physically appear on tin foil that could be Developed by Thomas Edison and John Kruesi Graphophone primarily used to get singers to sing into phone it was both a recording and playback device used in 1887 in the music bussiness Gramophone Used Zinc Master which allowed for mass produced copies Developed by Emil Berliner Records disc that had grooves which were in relation to the volume of sounds scratches changed the grooves Developed by Enrico Caruso in 1902 Analog Electronic Rather than making physical copies recordings today are composed of digital voltage snapshots which represent electricity that look nothing like the original sounds and took a different type of picture of the sound During this transition the need for horns to distribute sound was eliminated by the creation of speakers and the capability for these recordings to change vibration into electricity Sampling Rates picture taking Digital recording devices take samples of the sound so the more samples the better resolution the better quality CD has a high quality sound in comparison to Radio and Voice because it s sampling rate is higher Digital Implications Reproductions are 1 2 NMIX 2020 2 30 3 20 Pr Shamp Just as good as the original Can be stored like data Can be transmitted like data Audio can be altered Pitch Echo Content the bits and bytes CD ROM Compression Bits are stored in a medium and a laser reads the small carved pits that refer to Compression refers to reducing data size for both storage and transmission purposes Types Lossless can rebuild an exact copy and does not lose any data whatsoever ex It looks through patterns and redundancies and uses placeholders reducing lines from a 79 unit to 37 units Lossy loses data by forming approximations so it cannot rebuild an exact copy ex In order to compress a picture of a blue sky a compressor can average the blue instead of trying to individually mark down all the different shades of blue sacrificing quality for space MP3 compression technique MPEG3 Motion Pictures Experts Group This is a type of lossy compression because it uses Perceptual noise shaping to reduce the information of the file Perceptual noise shaping drops unhearable frequencies and emphasizes sound that we hear better There is too much unique information in audio so the mp3 is a good way to reduce the file size without sacrificing as much quality since it is only taking out specific parts of the sound that we potentially cannot hear File size formats Distribution Songs on a CD take up 32MB each when in lossless compression MP3 songs take up 1 10 of the size with an average of 3MB It is must easier to send via the internet averaging a total of 30 seconds Napster to transfer a file At 19 Shawn Fanning developed Napster in order to facilitate sharing MP3s which served as a search engine 2 NMIX 2020 2 30 3 20 Pr Shamp 3 Napster never stored the music files they only kept a list of files on users machines so people could be connected to others that had music files on their computers Recording Industry Association of America RIAA RIAA filed suit against napster for facilitating the illegal downloading of music College students backlashed because they embraced the free music Metallica Song I Disappear was released before Metallica was able to distribute the song because it had become available on napster and was even played on radio stations before the release They sued as a result Dr Dre also sued for a similar case Napster Shutdown and Piracy Napster lost appeal in 2001 and was officially shut down Their argument was that Napster never had songs users had their file libraries on their computers and they just connected the users Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 allowed you to make a copy of your own music and give a copy to your friend as long as you didn t sell it to them This applied to analog recordings because it was much more difficult to make copies and they also degraded slightly after each copy Does an illegal use of a technology make the technology illegal Napster had a legitimate use but how people were using it was technically illegal One of the first file sharing networks that was decentralized as in it had no central Used by many clients limewire morpheus xolox etc Harder to shut down than napster which had a centralized index server RIAA targeted college students for their arrests on file sharing of copyrighted music even here at UGA 13 students were arrested Minnesota Woman was convicted after downloading too many songs and not paying CD sales dropped 20 due to the file sharing Big Question Gnutella index Privacy and You Legal Alternatives iTunes Apple s music system that sold songs for 99 cents each 3 NMIX 2020 2 30 3 20 Pr Shamp Offers billions of songs for sale Challenge that iTunes had 4 Digital Rights Management control use of digital media by preventing access copying or conversion by end users to other formats They came out with M4P in order to make it more proprietary prevent the songs from playing on different devices and limit the number of computers authorized to play the file Music Genome includes 400 variables to determine what songs are related Allows you to program your own radio stations Bands are able to upload their music to this website Allows independent artists to upload their music and gain a percentage Many people go to Youtube for music and even playlists of music Playlists made by people instead of following a computerized alogrithm Pandora Sound Cloud Bandcamp YouTube 8 Tracks Wonder fm iTunes Radio Spotify Trying to compete with Pandora Direct channel that tries to get people to buy music once they hear it