AASP Final Review 12 14 15 11 02 PM The Civil Rights Movement Influences Setting the Stage o Early Efforts o Booker T Washington and Accommodation Accommodation Halt civil rights focus on industrial jobs be content with segregation stay in the south despite the lynching after all this maybe just maybe the lynching will stop it didn t o DuBois and self determination Self determination Founder of NAACP Main critic of Booker T Washington Talented 10th focus on education leads to potential black leaders opposite to what Booker T Washington said about education o Garvey and Black Nationalism Black Nationalism Founder of the UNIA United Negro Improvement Association Promoted self help Promoted racial pride Leaned more toward keeping races separate and blacks creating their own business government etc o Walker and Womanism Womanism combination of race politics and feminism feminism alone focused too much on issues white women had did not focus on black women She was involved in nearly every political movement Self determination and economic political development started independent order of St Luke Background o What is Post World War II America like Urban North vs Rural South South Segregation Labor market discrimination Racism More rights Generally greater economic opportunity o Influenced by Key Developments 1 Transformation of Black from rural sharecroppers to urban workers 2 The growth of the Black Middle Class and the church helped take care of civil rights workers 3 The expansion of Black institution 4 Key legal victories over Jim Crow New Negro Movement Goals Strategies o Goals Political civil economic rights Race pride Integration o Strategies 1 Non violent direct action 2 Black Power 3 Self defense 4 Political Mobilization NAACP CORE SCLC SNCC o CORE Congress of Racial Equality Founded in 1943 Viewed as the godfather of the Civil Rights Movement Leaders Bayard Rustin some people didn t respect him due to his sexuality and James Farmer Pushed for integration of public accommodation Served as a vanguard of the Civil Rights Movement other organizations copied its tactics Primary Tactic Freedom Rides Began in 1946 Moved into the South 1961 Freedom summer o NAACP Goals Integration Equality Civil Rights Strategy LEGAL Long history led by the NAACP Legal Defense Fund under the guide of Charles Hamilton Houston and later Thurgood Marshall of fighting Jim Crow in the courts Tactics 3 L s lobbying legislation litigation Promotes non violence o SNCC Student Non violence Coordinating Committee Formed in 1960 Marion Barry was the 1st President 4 time mayor of Washington DC Primarily composed of college students Tactics sit ins began at A T on February 1 1960 Shifts to Black power 1965 and exclusion of whites 1966 Led by Stokely Carmichael Changed from a non violence organization to a black power organization Changed name to Student National Coordinating Committee Make it for blacks only o SCLC Southern Christian Leadership Conferences Formed in 1957 Comprised of minsters primarily young minister Key members Rev Joseph Lowery Rev Ralph Rev Dr Martin Luther King Jr selected as Abernathy President o All of the organization worked together Sit Ins freedom rides 3 L s o 3L s NAACP Lobbying Legislation Litigation Stokely Carmichael SNCC Black Power MLK s Letter from a Birmingham Jail o Dr King disappointed with white moderates and white church o Four steps of nonviolent direct action Collect Facts Negotiation Self purification Direct Action Why Wait 2 criticism o 1 Untimely Response o 2 Unwise Response A We can t wait B injustice is here injustice here is a threat to justices everywhere C Wait almost always means NEVER A 2 Types of Laws just and unjust laws legal and moral responsibility to break unjust laws B Points out that the clergy is silent about how whites are practicing unjust laws 4 steps of non violent direct action o 1 Collect Facts o 2 Negotiation o 3 Self purification o 4 Direct Action Disappointed with o 1 White moderates More Concerned with law and order rather than justice so they criticize Black activism rather white racism Point MLK Don t support methods Law and order exists for the purpose of justice not to exclude o 2 White Church Don t understand nor push to end integration Says the church is weak If not us i e the Non violent Direct Action Movement o MLK sees himself as a middle ground between two groups within the Black community 1 Complacency part of negro community Used to segregation Middle class that profits from economic segregation insensitive to problems of the masses 2 Militants Advocate violence Accomplishments o Brown v Board 1954 o Interstate Commerce Commission ruling against segregation on transit and in terminals 1961 o Civil Rights Act of 1964 Made discrimination illegal o Voting Rights Act of 1965 Took away all the means of disenfranchisement o Mass voter registration o Fair Housing Act of 1968 African Americans were allowed to vote and did vote Prevented the discrimination of housing Criticisms of the Civil Rights Movement o Did not reach all of its goals example economics MLK what good does it do to sit at the counter when you can t afford a hamburger o Was deferential to white liberals and thus constrained o Did not address needs of the Northern Blacks o Too timid Carmichael X Black Power SNCC and the transformation to Black Power o Black Power Impetus Civil Rights Movement adjusted to the tone of whites but did not speak to the growing militancy of young black people in the urban ghetto Says Civil Rights Movement demonstrated from a position of weakness Black Americans problem they are poor and they are black Stokely Carmichael Organization o Credited for transferring the SNCC to a Black Power o He has strong ties to the Civil Rights Movement o His frustration with the slow progress of the nonviolent protest pushed him towards the Black Power Movement o Authored the book Black Power Black Nationalism Malcolm X s definition o Malcolm X s definition of Black Nationalism Black control of Black politics and politicians o Types Economic Control over economy of the community Provide jobs and invest in community Social unification Control over personal lives No drugs high morals etc Political Cultural Being Afro Centric Emphasizing a return to African culture Newton says this is the wrong approach because it does not mean political freedom Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam o Nation of Islam Established in early 1930 s Elijah Muhammad Goals Religion Black