AASP 100 Fall 2012 Final ReviewCORE (1943)- Second oldest organization led by Bayard Rustin/James Farmer- Pushed for integration of public accommodations- Primary tactic – freedom rides (1946; moved into south in 1961)NAACP- Goals – integration, equality, civil rights- Strategy – legal- Tactics – (3 L’s) lobbying, litigation, legislationSCLC - Comprised of ministers (young)- Key members – Rev. Joseph Lowery, Rev. Ralph Abernathy- Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was selected as presidentSNCC (1960)- Munum Bamy – 1st president (college students/young people)- Tactics – sit-ins - Shift to black power (1965) and exclusion of whites (1966)- Led by Stokely Carmicahel Letter from a Birmingham Jail- Criticisms leveled by white clergy – untimely o Response: we cant wait, injustice is here- Just and unjust – clergy is silent about whites practicing unjust laws - Direct action – forced negotiation w/o violence - 4 steps 1. Collect facts (who are friends/enemies)2. Negotiation 3. Self-purification (meeting to ensure moral high ground – fight)4. Direct action (the protest)- King disappointed with white moderates o They cared more about law and order than justiceo MLK – “point of laws are for justice”- Also disappointed with white churcho Church is weako God wouldn’t want segregation Black Nationalism- Black control of Black politics and politicians o Malcolm X- Black power = the coming together of Black people to elect representatives to force those representatives to speak for their needso Carmicahelo Black Americans problem: Black and poor = dependence The Nation of Islam- Established in 1930’s – Elijah Muhammad- Believed whites were created by mad scientists- Goals – religious, Black Pride and Empowerment- Worried most about getting converts (a lot from jail)Malcolm X- Misrepresented- Ballot or bullet speecho Avoid bullet by giving African Americans a balloto Jab at MLK – criticism of sit-ins (takes a man to stand)Black Panther Party- 1966 – Huey Newton and Bobby Seale (young)- Black community being brutally attacked by police- Exercised right to bear arms- Asked UN to help – wanted AA’s to have right to vote for if they should start a separate country- In California, Black Panther members would watch AA’s get arrested to insure noviolence and that all rights were read- COINTELPRO = spied on citizens/wire taps - Fred Hampton – “power to the people”o Assassinated when house was raided- Tactics – breakfast programs; liberation schools, etc. Stereotypes- Standardized mental picture that is held in common by members of a group that represents an oversimplified opinion, prejudiced attitude or uncritical judgmento Generalizationso Began around time of Atlantic Slave Trade- Purpose:o Justify slaveryo Rationalize sexual exploitation (rape)o Justify violence/lynchingo Deny the reality of resistanceo Hawkins – maintain control/profit from Black male body- Consequences:o Prejudiceo Reinforce racial viewso “Cultural conditioning” – targetingo (Past) efforts to prove racial inferiorityo Discrimination- Mammy: non-threatening o Physical – portly, dark skinned, short hairo Behavior – loyal, domesticated, asexual, subservient, happy/content to be a slave, take care of masters children o Reality – few slave owners had house maids/can’t nurse- Jezebel: opposite of Mammyo Physical – light skinned (pretty), long hair, scantily clado Behavior – promiscuous, seductive, hyper sexual, temptresso Rationalized rape- Samboo Silly, never serious, childish- Bruteo Savage, beastly, violent- Uncle Tomo Loyal, submissive, male version of Mammy- Myth of Black Male Rapisto Angela Davis: false charge of rape – execution o Justify lynchingo Came after slavery - Lynchingo Legacy of social controlo Anti-lynching movement 1890’sThe Black Family- Intimate association of persons of African descent who are related to one another by adoption, appropriation (extended family), blood or marriage (Andrew Billingsley)- Trends:o Increase divorce rate (42-50%)o Decrease number of kidso Increase in kids born to single mothers- Net result:o Increase in female headed householdso All races never married (31%)- Patriarchal family society in Americao Frazier:  Problem = matriarchy Reason = slavery (males emasculated/couldn’t protect)o Herskovits: Problem = matriarchy Reason = Africanism (something found in U.S traced from Africa/did bring culture with them)o Gutman: 80% of black families were 2 parents from salavery to 1960 Upon freedom – slaves went to get married Only broken up through death or saleo Sudarkasa’s point: Matriarchy was not norm/slavery did not destroy families – modified/adapted Institutional transformation – African institutions (practices, values, etc.) of the family practiced by Blacks in the U.So Moynihan Report: Matriarchy burdens the black family When society has problems – look to the families Saying all that needs to happen is father in charge Slavery destroyed the black family (Frazier & Moynihan) Tangle of pathology (disease) Result of matriarch – poverty, unemployment, illegitimacy, crime, drug abuse, etc.  Especially concerned with youth education/intelligence  His solution – black men join the military (everyone treated equal/masculine)- Gilens:o Whites think that Blacks have equal rightso ¾ of whites said yes to black equality in jobs, income, schooling and health careo AA said opposite Economics - Economic inequality between colored peoples and whites, men and women, high school diploma and college degree- The Black predicament in the U.S centers around (Barker & Jones):o Socioeconomic inequalityo Different perceptions of reality between whites and blacks- Unemployment:o Not working a paid jobo Trying to find work- Discouraged workers = people who have given up looking for a job (problem withBlack youth)- Not in the labor force = people not counted (students, housewives, retired, military, etc.)- 1970 – AA made 75 cents for every $1 whites made (gap)- Dr. Williams Models – Explanations for Black youth unemploymento Neoclassical Model  Poor attitudes about work  Overstated Lack of job skills Human capital argument Skills mismatch – jobs where you live but not qualified for them- Government reactiono Decrease welfareo Cut pell grantso Build prisonso Have not made good on the mandates of the Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act (promised full