Key Terms and Concepts:ANTEBELLUM – Before the war; In most instances, the term refers to timeperiod preceding the Civil War.POSTBELLUM – After the war; In most instances, the term refers to the period following the end of the Civil War, known as Reconstruction, a period characterized by the rebuilding of, in particular, the war-torn South, which is believed to have lasted from 1865 until 1877.DRED SCOTT v. SANDFORD (1857) - Dred Scott was born into slavery inVirginia.1 Through a series of events he came to live in a free state, with the means to purchase his freedom.1 He was denied the opportunity and chose to sue based on legal precedent. The significance of the Scott rulingis that the U.S. Supreme Court declared that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves (or their descendants, whether or not they were enslaved) were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens.1 111 The court also held that the U.S. Congress had no authority to prohibit slavery in federal territories and that, because slaves were not citizens, they could not sue in court. Additionally, the Court ruled that slaves, as chattel or private property, could not be taken away from their owners without due process.EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION: Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, with an effective date of January 1, 1863.1 As the Union armies advanced through the Confederacy, thousands of enslaved African Americans were freed each day until nearly all (approximately 4 million, according to the 1860 census) were freed by July 1865. Several former slave states had already passed legislation prohibiting slavery; however, in a few states, slavery continued to be legal and to exist until December 18, 1865, when the Thirteenth Amendment was enacted.13th AMENDMENT - The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery, and with limited exceptions, such as those convicted of a crime, prohibits involuntary servitude.14th AMENDMENT - is one of the post-Civil War amendments (known as the Reconstruction Amendments), first intended to secure rights for former slaves.1 It requires the states to provide equal protection under the law toall persons (not only to citizens) within their jurisdictions.1 The 14th overruled the Dred Scott ruling of 1857.15TH AMENDMENT - provides that governments in the United States maynot prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude (i.e. slavery). ** FOR MEN ONLY!!!***BUREAU OF FREEDMEN, REFUGEES AND ABANDONED LANDS aka THE FREEDMAN’S BUREAU:1 Established by Congress and housed under the War Department, the Freedmen’s Bureau was designed to assistin the transition of African Americans from bondage to freedom through a series of initiatives that ranged from labor contracts to the establishment ofschools.1 The Bureau was never fully supported and was officially disbanded by President Grant on January 1,