Anatomy and Physiology Test 1 Anatomy scientific study of structure of body gross anatomy large body structures can also be studied regionall systemic systems of grouped structures what we are studying histology tissues groups of cells cell biology cells physiology scientific study of function of body organ composed of at least 2 tissues encapsulated does a certain function Cardiovascular system Heart and blood vessels transport over distance blood gases proteins nutrients waste RBCs WBCs platelets closed system has a pump artery away blood water with very high density red blood cells Skeletal System bones joints support movement protection calcium phosphate reservoir need to have constant levels at all times can store calcium and phosphate and then put it in the blood when needed scaffolding of body supports us Muscular System Muscles movement of bones and organs Three types cardiac smooth skeletal cardiac muscle is only in the heart smooth muscle is located entirely within body where changes shape of organs uterus bladder don t have conscious control over smooth muscle GI has smooth muscle lining Skeletal muscle is most of the mass of the body it can exert most power and force it can shorten together create tension and move things some facial muscles are skeletal muscles but they aren t attached to the skeleton conscious control over them cellular communication and control CNS brain and spinal cord send controlling commands to muscles entire CNS is encased in PNS peripheral nerves 31 coming out of spinal cord 12 pairs of cranial nerves that exit the brain Nervous System bone directly control system sends rapid impulses Integumentary System skin and associated structures External covering skin protection detection body temp water balance entire system is comprised almost entirely of one organ and associated structures can t live if too much of skin is destroyed this is also why third degree burns are so bad does vital things skin is biggest organ in the body Endocrine System chemical communication and control partnered with the nervous system endocrine gland ductless gland secretes hormones organic molecule made and released by endocrine gland that travels through blood it specifically reacts with tissues by hydrogen bonding interaction that cases cell to change physiology releases hormones directly into blood communicates with muscles and glands by hormones not controlled as quickly as the nervous system endocrine and nervous system are joined at the hip Lymphatics Immune system transport of fats from gut to blood immune response regulation of interstitial fluid balance lymph nodes and associated vessels thymus spleen giant lymph node tonsils immune cells lymphocytes white blood cells that congregate in the lymphatic system T cells coordinate other cells and seeking out other cells and killing them and B cells secrete antibodies blood drains from capillaries into interstitial fluid takes up lymph from interstitial fluid between cells lymph fluid will find itself draining over subclavian vein underneath clavicle into circulatory system takes fats and puts into circulatory system slowly pulls fluid through checkpoints lymph nodes spleen tonsils to see if there are invaders will have proliferation of those sites if infected lymph nodes swell up circulates lymph blood plasma like circulatory system has branches body s defense system against microorganisms that invade us doesn t have a pump but fluid is slowly circulating by daily bodily movement Thymus lymphocytes mature into T cells here cancer cells can circulate through lymph system very bad Respiratory System cells wide goes in lungs and associated organs trachea bronchi bronchioles alveoli tiny microscopic sac about 5 lungs have skeletal muscle no smooth muscle lining lungs are about 70 meters squared gas exchange delivery of oxygen and carbon dioxide electrolyte balance pH when diaphragm is pulled down the volume of lungs increases decreases pressure of lungs air gas exchange has a buffering system blood is buffered by carbon dioxide when holding breathe you are creating more carbon dioxide and acidifying blood lactic acid buildup in muscles acidifies blood so the respiratory system blows off a lot of carbon dioxide to buffer hyperventilation give paper bag to breathe back in some of the carbon dioxide lost because you start to pull out of blood need to breathe in own CO2 because you ve become too basic acidosis acid forming in blood equation goes in direction to the right have to breathe out CO2 to get acid out of blood Digestive System gut from stomach down nutrient absorption water balance waste excretion water and alcohol absorbed directly through stomach whole system is the alimentary canal GI tract stomach releases concentrated HCL and brings pH down killing bacteria mastication chewing esophagus muscular tube uses contractions large intestine is not just trash can it reabsorbs ions liver detoxification center of body stores glucose and gives it to your body all drugs in drugstore can be toxic to someone without liver cirrhosis liver detoxifies alcohol if spend decades drinking everyday liver becomes abused causes cirrhosis will die if don t get a new liver liver makes bile hydrophobic substances makes fat into an emulsion which makes fat easier to take into lymph system which is stored in gall bladder and then released into the small intestine pancreas endocrine and exocrine gland makes insulin has duct that plugs directly into small intestine which goes to the stomach breakdown of proteins and important chyme neutralizer Urinary System kidney ureter bladder urethra waste excretion water pH ion balance renal kidney blood comes into kidney under high pressure and urine comes out one kidney is higher than the other they take on blood from heart from renal artery urine comes urine should NEVER contain cells glucose diabetic bacteria or protein kidneys retain these urine does have salts but is mostly water but also secretes bicarbonate urea and other out of kidney and goes to the ureters things nitrogenous waste products urinary bladder and ureters lined with smooth muscle contractions of smooth muscle sends message to have to go to the bathroom if drink a lot of water pee a lot hormones direct kidney to make more dilute urine if outside a lot don t pee as much more concentrated urine if eat a whole bag of chips will excrete a lot of salt in urine shortly after Reproductive System exocrine glands have ducts and don t