Fall 2021Review Sheet 5-1 (fifth sheet for first test). Respiratory systemExplain the following: What gases are exchanged in the lung? Physiologically, why is this exchange so important for each gas?Can the activity of the respiratory system affect blood pH? Explain the answer to the previous question based on your knowledge of material from chapter 2 and what was saidin class. Know the terms, bronchus, bronchi, trachea, lungs insofar as their function and anatomy to the extent discussed in class.*Closing note on systems: As I talked about the systems, I mentioned along the way specific examples of how systems depend on one another and how certain systems are particularly invested in one another. You should know these examples. Understand how the body’s systems depend on one another. In general, what is the consequence of complete failure of one of the body’s systems to the extent discussed in class? For each system, be able to predict the effect on the body of catastrophic failure of any one given system and to what extent and how fast this failure would cause the body’s other systems to collapse in their function. What systems mentioned in class have an organ or organs invested with smooth muscle?Homeostasis and Negative Feedback What is homeostasis? Understand its centrality for physiological control. Know critical variables of the body that are homeostatically controlled.What American physician/scientist coined the term homeostasis and approximately when did he introduce this term? Did this American “stand on the shoulders” of a French Scientist of the 19th century? Who was this and what phrase did he use to describe the ability of animals to very precisely regulate their internal environment? Are any of these homeostatically regulated variables electrolyte levels?What is another name for electrolytes? Know the names, chemical symbols and ionic valence of each important electrolyte mentioned in class. What are the 4 components of negative feedback? What are their individual characteristics and how do they work together to exert negative feedback? Why is negative feedback called negative feedback? As a general rule, what two physiological systems, either separately or together, contain the “controllers” of negative feedback for a particular homeostatically regulated variable?What is “change of the variable” called and how does negative feedback function to change this signal, and specifically how does this signal change as a result of negative feedback? (Does it increase?...decrease?)How are negative feedback and homeostasis related? Know the details of homeostatically regulated temperature control in the human body. Know the details of how Type 1 diabetes is a failure of homeostasis: For this type of diabetes, what organ contains the controller, what is the variable, what is the signal, the effector(s)? What role does insulin play in this regulation? (Hint: In general, do you think there must always be a message between the controller to the effector(s)Positive feedbackHow does positive feedback differ from negative feedback in terms of how the controller affects the signal?Compared to negative feedback, how does positive feedback affect the signal?In class, I went over a simplified version of the famous positive feedback mechanism thatgoverns the physiology of labor contractions that drive giving birth. Know the details ofthis to the extent discussed in class. If this positive feedback of labor contraction is delayed, can the attending physician initiate the positive feedback cycle? If so, how so? What stops the positive feedback from spiraling out of control beyond its own usefulness,both in this specific case of maternal labor and for positive feedback regulation in general? What is the general pattern of how a variable changes over time for negative feedback? What is the general pattern of how a variable changes over time for positive feedback? Contrast how the signal is changed via positive feedback compared to negative