BIOL 319 1st Edition Exam # 2 Study Guide Ribs part of axial skeletonShoulder girdle- collar bone and scapula- appendicularHip girdle- appendicularHyaline cartilage joins rib to sternum for elasticity in breathing in and out, resiliency, relaxes andcontracts diaphragm, in appendages and highly moveable joints, oil that allows frictionless movementfibrocartilage- hard rubber, collagen- less compressible, shock absorber, intervertebral discs, gives females more give in hips for childbirth, tip of nose- septum which divides cavityElastic cartilage- outer ear, flexible, epiglottis flap- moves over trachea so as food is shoved in back of mouth, it is forced into esophagus and not tracheaFlat bone: sternum, ribs Sesamoid bone- patella, “sesame seed shape”Cube shaped bones: short bone, boxy, carpal and tarsal bonesLong bone: humerus, phalanges (short), femur (longest), in common? Have most length along one axis- proportional geometry- longer in one direction than the other; ribs? Flattened and curved, long bones are straight and cylindrical and have widening endIrregular: sphenoid, ethmoid, doesn’t fit into shape of any other categorySpaces within frontal bones Paranasal, ethmoid, sphenal sinusesBeneficial and annoying -lighten the face with hollow cavity, lined with mucus membrane and provides big surface area to warm and humidify air before entering lungs, our air should be saturated with some water vapor, enables carrying of voice, annoying when you get sickCavities: mucus membranes have to wrap around them and increases surface area of cavities- giving more opportunity to warm and humidify air before entering lungs600-800 alveoli in lungs- increase of surface area for air diffusion from outside the body into the blood, increases ability to allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to move into blood stream, reliant on this surface area in small space- 70 square meters packed into lungs! Would not be able to bring in enough oxygen in time for blood without themSpaces in between cranial bones- diminish as skull develops- contains lots of fibrocartilage-FONTANELSMore vulnerableBenefits: allow head to move out of narrow space in childbirth, help things along during development when so much is growing and changingBig cranium, small face- facial bones catch up with growth and ageSkeleton proportions change throughout lifeWhen babies, limbs small compared to trunk of body but size catches up and we grow into our symmetrical bodies as we age Vertebra numbersCoccyx- bones fuse togetherCervical- 7Thoracic- 12Lumbar- 5Sacrum and coccyx (tailbone)Springy s-shape vertebraeShock absorber in between vertebrae- intervertebral discs made of fibrocartilage, comfort, maintain balance and center of gravity throughout bends in geometryScoliosis- can be corrected with brace or rods put within body to correct, “lateral curvature”Kyphosis- happens with age, lose intervertebral discs, women more prone to osteoporosis and lose bone density, exaggerated bend- “hunchback”Lordosis- exaggerated sway back bend, seen in men with pot bellies, butt sticks out to counterbalance outgrowth on ventral sideLong cylindrical shaft- diaphysisMetaphysis- wedge before epiphysisEpiphysis: on endsCavity on inside- MedullaryCompact Bone- b; if you keep going underneath you find spongy bone or “cancellous bone”Spongy Bone- open areas filled with capillaries and red bone marrow- where all RBC originate, platelets and WBC, lymphocytes that go to mature in thymus, webbing on reticular fibers encased in bone for protectionBone- very highly vascularized tissue- very painfulCancer can spread to bone, hard to controlCartilage not vascularized- has to be surgically prepared, not good at self repairPeriosteum- dense regular connective tissue that wraps around and adheres to bone, importantto bone growth and bone attachment to something else, Sharpey’s FibersSpongy Bone- trabeculae: beams going off in haphazard angles, give organization, bloody space for transferBone Marrow: yellow marrow is fat reserve for energy storage, holds bone in tact, no blood forming capability and not vital in adults, red marrow contains blood Red Marrow stays in between trabeculae in flat bones and end of long bones for your entire lifeProtects brain, makes red blood cellsDiploe- spongy bone in flat bones of skullCancellous bone and red marrow in hips, vertebrae cranks out blood cells, top/most proximal ofhumerous and skullMedullary Cavity: central cavityEx of word: Kidney Medulla, cortex (outer bark) of adrenal gland and cranium cortexTake bone marrow samples for medical reasonsBody acclamates to higher air pressure- Colorado, higher concentration of red blood cells- hemalocrit, more oxygen molecules per unit volumeRBC corpulses- unual cells, lose nucleus when mature, have no mitochondria, cannot repair themselves without nucleus, built to carry hemoglobin not to last Heme- bloodSpongy bone abundant in epiphysis of long bones, in between medullary cavity and compact bone in trabeculaThickness in long bone is compact bone- tensile strengthAnatomical building block for compact bone= OSTEON; concentric rings of bone with hollow centerConcentric rings: lamellaHaversian/Central Canal: hollow tube of air, microscopic, small artery and vein running parallel with nerve giving blood supply and information to boneVolkmann’s/Perforating Canal: run at 90 degrees to Haversian canals to get bood supply in all directionsOsteocyte: cells that are heart and cellular bone and make up extracellular matrix- hard but shatters easily, connective tissue, in spaces in between lamella, more extracellular matrix than there are cells, cells have channels to connect canaliculi (caves cells live in) to each other, not as isolated as they look, lacuna= ‘little space ’ go to canaliculae and share material between lacunaCanaliculi- many radiating out from lacunaSeem isolated but are notPacked away in ‘rooms’ embedded in extracellular matrix, well connected to one anotherCells make contact through extrusions in canaliculiPhysically, not chemically isolated from one anotherNot separated at all from interstitial fluidHelp maintain matrix, locally- ‘maintain their yard’Corticol- compact boneCortex- outer barkOsteon- Circumferential lamellae- go aorund circumference of circle/shaft; makes outer surface smoothInsterstitial lamellae- in between osteons-plugging up holes and filling things outTrabeuclae- inner surfaceHaversian canals contain small artery, vein, and