BIOL 319 1st EditionExam # 1 Study Guide Anatomy- structure of bodyPhysiology- function of body-by integrating form and function, you learn where it is and how body parts interlock with others; dependent on each other as one dictates the other-can be studied separately or together, we study them together-can be studied regionally- ex: head, can describe the locationmultiple levels- all interdependent and essential for life, if one fails they all shut down1. chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue 4. Organ level 5. Organ system level 6. Organismal levelCOHN- carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen make up bulk of every human beingH2O- MOST IMPORTANT- 60% of weightLevels of Study:-gross anatomy: large body structure, system by system and can see with naked eye-systemic anatomy: type of gross anatomy, whole component, systems of grouped structures-histology- tissues (groups of cells) to identify subcomponent of systems, microscope-cell biology- cells using electron microscope instead of using light because smaller wavelength will give better resolution for images at subcellular level, more powerful, fine detail, light has limit of resolutionPathologist- diagnosis disease after using histology to examine biopsy of tissueTissue: similar types of cells working together for same function- Epithelial- Connective- Muscle- NervousOrgan: contains 2 or more tissues, concrete, compact with a functionCardiovascular System-heart and blood vessels, web that feeds cells constantlyHeart- Two pumps in one- forces blood out of aorta (biggest blood vessel in body) and carotid arteries take blood under high pressure to the head- Vena cava drains blood from body back to the heart- Pulmonary Circuit takes blood from heart to lungs to get oxygenated through arteries and then travels through systemic circuit to carry all throughout body - Each beat signifies heart pumping blood to itself through coronary arteries in the heart in order to feed itself - Concept of anastomoses: lots of branching sending oxygen throughout body and giving up carbon dioxide, goes from big to small as it moves further from the heart into tiny capillaries; anastomosis= 1 branch- Cardiac means heart- Artery: takes blood away from heart, oxygenized and RED- Vein takes blood to heart, deoxygenized and BLUE- Each side supplies own circuit- Vena cavas to right atrium, right ventricle, oxygen poor blood carried in two pulmonary arteries to lungs in pulmonary circuit (right) to be oxygenated in pulmonary capillaries, returns to heart through veins and left atrium, left ventricle, and from aorta into the body through systemic circuit (left), bring deoxygenated back up through systemic capillaries - Pulmonary and systemic capillary plexuses are network of blood either becoming oxygenated from lungs to left atrium from pulmonary veins (these are re not blue bc oxygenated!) and systemic veins return the oxygen depleted blood picked up from around the body to the right atrium, gas exchange and gives up wastes- Systemic veins blue because blood has no oxygen, this blood is actually maroon in color- 100 trillion cells in body- capillary- fine branching blood vessels that contribute to network between veins and arteries- cell must not be too far from capillary in order to survive- diffusion assists as wellMuscle- three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth- skeletal: complete conscious control, contributes to most of body weight; striated; MOST ABUNDANT- cardiac: only in heart, can get excited or anxious but most is unconscious control; striated- smooth: doesn’t move bone, no conscious control but brain may or may not be involved, lines hollow organs ex: bladder; shrinks and expands- skeletal muscle not always directly attached to bones; can be through tendons or aponeurosesNervousPeripheral Nervous System- everything that isn’t brain and spinal cord; nerves and tentaclesCentral Nervous System- brain and spinal cordSkeletal- Bones, cartilage and teeth, joints (connective tissue)- Scaffolding supports; structure all else hangs off of- Stores calcium and phosphate- giving strength and rigidity to bones; good bone development, bone gives them away and takes them up to keep levels constant- Muscles and bones partners in directing and organizing movement- Skeleton protects blood forming tissue and bone marrow; protects brain, heart, lungs, spinal cordIntegumentary- One organ system: SKIN- Protection and detection, thermoregulation- Largest organ in body, 7% total body weight- Keeping vital things in and invaders out- Dense and varied nerve supply to sense environment- Keeps us from drying out through water regulation, calcium regulationEndocrine- Command/control system, director while other systems are actors- “crine” secretion- Thymus: organ in chest area; develops immune system, T Cells, lymphocytes, white blood cells, thymocin- regulates immunity- Pineal gland: in brain, makes melatonin, regulates circadian rhythms ex: sleep wake cycle- Adrenal gland: kidney, “hats” on top of kidney, produce adrenaline, fight or flight response, regulate stress 1. Aldosterone: produces minerals, preserves salt 2. Glucocorticoids: produce glucose, deal with stress- Exocrine gland: not part of endocrine system, has duct that goes from gland into body, digestive juices produced by pancreas to be released in small intestine, ex: mammary, prostate, sweat, salivary glands, can secrete on outside or inside of body- Endocrine gland: no ducts, hormone (chemical messenger/organic molecule released into blood/circulatory system) released through exocytosis, regulates blood sugar, comesfrom pancreas - Hormones interact with target tissue and bind to receptor creating chemical change to physiology of cell- Reproductive glands: testes and ovaries, produce estrogen and testosterone which drive regulation of reproductive physiology- Pituitary gland= MASTER GLAND, base of brain, produces 11 of 12 hormones- Thyroid gland: uses iodine to make thyroid hormone, under control of pituitary gland, regulates metabolic rate and normal body temperature, thyroid hormone has permissiveeffects on other hormones- The brain can be an endocrine or nervous system organ-Lymphatic- Lymphatic and cardiovascular both have anastomoses, works same but lymph replacesblood in lymphatic system- Lymph flows in one direction due to body movements, all elements of blood minus the cells, comes from extracellular fluid given by