BIOL 319 1st Edition Exam # 3 Study Guide JOINT CONDITIONS AND DIEASES Ligaments slow to healTendons vs ligaments- withstand high densile strengthL- dense regular connective tissue, bone on bone connectionT- extendsion of muscle with some connective tissue, bone to muscle connector(periosteums connecting)- fused to bone by sharpey’s fibersBunyon- swollen bursa of big toeBursa- elbow, knee, Rheumatism- joint connective tissue pain, rheumatologists- help people resolve jointconditions, arthritisArthro- jointPulling joint out of socket- reduction, fixing the partially dislocated joint, pops back into place- luxationLuxation- once dislocated always easy to dislocate againLigaments have narrow extensive ability before they tear, just past resting length- not elastic, next time joint is challenged, easier to dislocate and injureExtensibility- ability to stretch something out, ligaments are not (like a rope)Elasticity- ability to snap back into original position, ligaments are not just as taffee is not- rubber band is both!Double jointed- gives worse flexibility, not real just a figure of speech, men less flexibleWe all have natural range of flexibility that can be improved on, has limitsOsteoarthritis- most common, slowRheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune class of diseases, immune system turns on particular tissue or organ, glycocalix structure goes after virus and then turns on body that looks identical, virus early on stimulates sensitivity of immune system to this gycocalix structure in synovial joints Synovial membrane gets attacked firstT cells and B cells and dendritic cells in immune system invade the area thinking the synovial membrane is foreign, tissue stops working and cells die, does not produce synovial fluid anymore- erodes cartilageInflammed and painful jointRheumatoid arthritis- attacks comes in waves, “flare ups”, positive feedback loop, oral form of cortisol- glucocortocoid that is antiinflammatory to treat this- cost benefit negative side effectsAnklosis- bones fuse together, can’t move jointsMethotrexate- anti cancer drug, differentially affects rapidly dividing cells, makes it harder to make new DNA- hair cells divide most rapidly- why people lost hair in cancer treatment, affects other cells in the body as well, effective at low doses of supressing immune systemCYTOKINES- produced by dendritic macrophages that get B cells and T cells ready atthe attack site, drugs that can inhibit cytokines, stimulate immune system causing inflammatory responseOsteoarthritis- As you age, hyaline cartilage thinsBone rubs bone, inflammation, gradualOsteophytes/bone spurs formNSAID- non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs, help control pain, have to live with itGout/Gouty Arthritis- Build up of uric acid, base of big toe is firstBuilds up when taking too much uric acid in and not getting rid of it fast enough- it isbreakdown product of purines (molecules that make up DNA and RNA, cAMP, and ATP)Heterocyclic nitrogen containing rings, constantly being made and broken down by body- build up of urate (adenosine and guanine)Urea- water solubleUrate- not water soluble, does not have to build up much before it can hurt jointsLyme Disease- Caused by bacteria from a tick that lives on mice and deer, corkscrew shaped bacteria that spinsBulls eye red mark- erythema migrans (redenning skin)Flu plus inflammed jointsAnkylosing Spondylitis- Originates in sacroiliac joint, radiates upward, more common in older menHerniated Disk- Annulus fibrosis- outer ring of fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage- strong outer ring, cushions spinesLumbar vertebraNucleus pulposes- gel like material- if under a lot of stress, too much pressure on NP and pooches out producing inflammation on spinal nerveHerniated disk=prolapsed diskCarved out acetabulum and placed a plastic, durable cup in acetabular stainless steel/titanium component, cut off femurNot replacing hip, replacing acetabulum and proximal end of femurLed to other replacementsRod with machine femur head made of titaniumMUSCLE TISSUES- MAKEUP AND FUNCTIONProvides tension to move thingsSkeletal muscle- essential for posture- muscle contraction that holds body in particular direction, keeping body in certain positionJoint stability- rotator cuff muscles, joints stabalized by muscles that pass over themThermogenesis- body shivers when cold to create friction, Muscle fiber- muscle cellExcitable: same as neurons which are elctrically excitable to generate impulses and control things, muscle cells are movers and need to be electrically excitable because has to pass wave of electrical activity down its length in order to contract- ‘excitationcontraction coupling’- do it as prelude to contraction, not to communicate as nerves do, respond to chemical and mechanical stimuliSignal is traveling across and down membraneMembranes have action potential/impulse- goes down axon of nerve from cell bodyContractile- only cells that can get together in organized manner to exert tension and move from resting length- very strong, makes muscles uniqueExtensible- ligament not extensible or elastic, muscle cells are extensible and elastic!Snap back into positionAnatomical position- all at resting length until you moveSkeletal Muscle- Striations: Optical effect from contractile sarcomeres lying in arrangementSkeletal muscle cells under conscious control, only small limits not under control- meditation and controlling heart rate for relaxationMore powerful than any other muscles- fast to contractSmooth muscle can stay contracted for long time without wearing out, cardiac muscle can be contracting constantlySkeletal muscle- power but not as good at enduranceInverse relationship between power and speed vs endurancehuge cells, length is long enough to see, very thick cell, multinucleate- multiple copies of genome to satisfy big cell’s needsNucleas at edge of wall because don’t have much roomOnce they are mature, they can’t divide- but muscles get bigger through hypertrophy- tissue going by cells getting bigger and bigger, but not dividingCardiac Muscle- Have sarcomeres that give striationsCells shorter than skeletal muscles, mononucleate, intercalated disks- dividing line, protein inserted in between cells as they join from end to endManifestation of GAP JUNCTIONS!- transmembrane protein complex that is tunnel form one cell into adjoining cells membrane into its cytoplasm,