Fall 2021Review Sheet 4Digestive systemWhere does digestion begin? What is the role of smooth muscle in the digestive tract and where is it found? Where does most of the absorption of nutrients take place? What is the esophagus and what is its function?What is a “bolus’? What does the stomach do with the successive bolus’s it receives? What is chyme?What is the ~pH of stomach secretion and what is its function(s)? How does the stomach protect itself from its own secretion? Can this protective mechanism fail and if so, what might be the result? Are some molecules absorbed through the stomach lining/wall into the bloodstream?To the extent discussed in class, what is the role of the liver, the pancreas, and the gallbladder in digestion? What secretion does the gallbladder secrete and where is this solution produced and deposited?What is the function of the emulsion (what is an emulsifier?) that it gives rise to?Which of these (above) is both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland? What is bile, where is it made, where is it stored and ejected from and when does this happen? What is the most famous hormone that the pancreas produces? What is the function of this hormone and what disease ensues if the pancreas produces very little to none of this important hormone?Give a generalized definition of an exocrine gland. How are exocrine glands and endocrine glands similar? How are they different?Which type of gland contains ducts and what is a “duct” in this context? What is the specific function of the exocrine secretion of the pancreas (I can think of 2 things) and how does it (they) fulfill the definition of an exocrine gland?What are some roles of the colon discussed in lecture?What are the segments of the colon called and where are they located? Would you expect that the cardiovascular system, the nervous system and the lymphatic system to have a particularly close relationship to the digestive system? Explain. (Remember the prominence of smooth muscle in the digestive system, and remember thateven though you have no conscious control of the digestive system, does not meant that the smooth muscle is not controlled)Urinary system What type of metabolic waste(s) is (are) specifically gotten rid of by the urinary system.What are the precursors of these waste products? Do the kidneys play a role in the body’s water balance, ion (electrolyte balance)? What about pH? Explain.What molecular or atomic ions (name and chemical formula) impact(s) pH and undergo regulated excretion by the kidney? (Hint: think back to chapter 2-what ions can impact pH)? Is there another organ system that also directly impacts pH? If so, what is it?What is the role of smooth muscle in the urinary system? I can think of three organs (twotypes) that use smooth muscle tissue in this system. From class, know the basic roles and anatomical relationships of the following: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Though the phrase “renal system” can sometimes be synonymous with “urinary system”, what other more specific organ(s) is “renal” often used to describe? Define electrolytes, and know the chemical symbol and ionic state of these electrolytes.Does the kidney always release the same proportion of water and electrolytes? If not, why not and to the extent discussed in class, how/why does this occur?What is another name for the “urinary system” aside from what has been mentioned above?Reproductive systemWhy is this system so important? What is the central gland/germ cell producing organ for males? What about females? What’s a more generalized umbrella term for these organs?Are these organs also famous for producing important hormones? If so, name and explain. Name an exocrine gland associated with the female reproductive system. Name an exocrine gland associated with the male reproductive system? What do these exocrine glands produce and what is their secretion’s significance?What serious conditions/diseases can affect these glands with, in general, the chances increasing as one gets older?Mammary glands in females are defining a whole class of vertebrate animals called_________________________. Mammary gland physiology is often highlighted when discussing reproductive physiology, yet often these organs are sometimes briefly addressed in chapters covering the integumentary system; why is this?Is the physiology of ovaries and testes only addressed under the purview of reproductive physiology?