Chapter 15 Reconstruction 1865 1877 14th amendment citizenship for persons born or naturalized in the US national citizenship took priority over citizenship in a state Andrew Johnson refused to sign the bill Radical Reconstruction Achievements voting rights for African American men Reconstruction s failure was from conflicting goals of lawmakers freed people and ex confederates A The Struggle for National Reconstruction 1 Presidential Approaches From Lincoln to Johnson Lincoln 10 plan return to the Union if 10 of voters took the loyalty oath Congress proposed a stronger substitute o Wade Davis Bill vetoed oath of allegiance by a majority of each state s adult white men Andrew Johnson common man o Black Codes force former slaves back to plantation labor southern state legislators o Johnson allied himself with ex confederate leaders 2 Congress Versus the President Congress established the Freedmen s Bureau to aid displaced blacks and other war refugees Civil Rights Act of 186 formerly enslaved people to be citizens and granted them equal protection and rights of contract with full access to the courts Johnson vetoed both but they were both passed 3 Radical Reconstruction Reconstruction Act of 1867 divided the conquered South into five military districts i Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Johnson replaced secretary of war with Ulysses S Grant ii The Election if 1868 and the Fifteenth Amendment 15th amendment gave all men the right to vote Left room for poll tax and literacy requirements 4 Woman Suffrage Denied National Woman Suffrage Association Elizabeth Cady Stanton Women s Suffrage became a serious issue for national debate B The Meaning of Freedom Southern whites believed blacks as servants 1 The Quest for Land Johnson s amnesty plan allowed pardoned Confederates to recover property seized during the war Prevented land distributions to blacks under the Freedman s Bureau i Freed Slaves and Northerners Conflicting Goals Republicans and Radicals could not imagine giving land to former slaves South Carolina established a land commission to buy property which allowed black families to buy land ii Wage Labor and Sharecropping African American women s bodies were the sexual properties of white men Sharecropping freedmen worked as renters exchanging labor for use of land house etc Sharecroppers were easy targets once indebted Sharecropping was a good fit for cotton agriculture 2 Republican Governments in the South Blacks were unfit to govern Union League black and white republicans joined forces Freedman Bureau layed a key role in founding African American colleges and universities Scalawags ancient Scotts Irish term for worthless animals southern whites who supported Reconstruction Civil Rights Act of 1875 Sumner full and equal access to jury service and to transportation Carpetbaggers northern whites self seeking interlopers Republicans brought southern state up to date 3 Building Black Communities and public accommodations irrespective of race C The Undoing of Reconstruction Sumner s death marked the waning of Radical Reconstruction 1 The Republicans Unravel 1870s depression i The Disillusioned Liberals initial panic was triggered by the bankruptcy of the Northern Pacific Railroad laissez faire let alone business and economy 2 Counterrevolution in the South Redemption violent process hanging and killing of black political leaders Nathan Bedford Forrest white supremacy KKK Klan would strike blows against the despised Republican government of Tennessee 3 Reconstruction Rolled Back By 1876 Reconstruction was largely over Louisiana South Carolina Florida i The Supreme Court Rejects Equal Rights Slaughter House Cases Court began to undercut the power of the Fourteenth Amendment U S v Cruikshank Fourteenth Amendment only offered few protections Voting rights remained a state matter The Civil Rights Cases also struck down the Civil Rights Act of 1875 ii The Political Crisis of 1877 Reconstruction ended Rutherford B Hayes was inaugurated 4 Lasting Legacies Reconstruction failed W E B DuBois Black Reconstruction in America Chapter 16 Conquering A Continent 1854 1890 Transcontinental railroad meant jobs and money Transcontinental railroad would preserve the Union Railroad made US into an industrial power but deepened America s rivalry with European empires and created new patterns of exploitation A The Republican Vision Congress raised the protective tariff on a range of manufactured goods from textiles to steel and on some agricultural products like wool and sugar 1 The New Union and the World Treaty of Kanagawa Commodore Matthew Perry made it happen This treaty allowed US ships to refuel at two ports William Seward secretary of state and architect o Asia would become the chief theatre of world events and commerce there was key to America s prosperity o Burlingame Treaty China which guaranteed the rights of US missionaries in China and set official terms for the emigration of Chinese laborers o Negotiated the purchase of Alaska 2 Integrating the National Economy Unlike canals or roads railroads offered the promise of year round all weather service Railroad companies transformed American capitalism i Tariffs and Economic Growth Tariffs provided the bulk of treasury revenue Republicans protective tariffs helped build other US industries Protective tariffs played a powerful role in economic growth Trusts corporations that dominated whole sectors of the economy and wielded near monopoly power ii The Role of Courts Munn v Illinois Supreme court affirmed that states could regulate key businesses such as railroads that were clothes in the public interest due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment no state could deprive an person of life liberty or property without due process of law peones Mexicans under longstanding agreements ejidos villages owned collectively by their communities iii Silver and Gold For scientific reasons money should be based on gold Railroads and telegraphs tied the nation together B Incorporating the West The Homestead Act 1862 gave 160 acres of federal land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property Federal Department of Agriculture and through he Morrill Act set aside 140 million federal acres that states could sell to raise money or public universities 1 Mining Empires 2 Cattlemen on the Plains General Mining Act of 1872 allowed those who discovered minerals on federally owned land to work the claim and keep all the proceeds Still in force today Overhunting
View Full Document
Unlocking...