ComSt 101 Exam 2 Study Guide Chapter 3 Characteristics and stages of listening Interrupt stimuli 1 Attentive to stimuli 2 3 Evaluate interpretations 4 Respond 5 Store Style 1 Jump around finish thoughts of speakers 2 Hear facts and evidence 3 Focus attention on their feelings 4 Definition Interrupt others 1 schema mental guidelines to helps us identify and organize incoming information a person prototypes idealized representations of a certain kind of person b personal construct characteristics that we notice on a daily basis about others i what doctors look like i blondes are stupid c scripts Schemata that allows us to interpret sequences of behaviors It tells us what comes next in a sequence of actions i restaurants Characteristics of chronically accessible constructs 1 Constructs are important to us and that we frequently use regardless of circumstances are called chronically accessible constructs and these constructs are likely to color and bias our interpretation of others and their messages a If someone offers to help someone can take it to be manipulative someone can take it to be caring Flashbulb memory A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clever strong and persistent memory a September 11 intense moments Relation between memory and stress hint think of stressful events that may create a flashbulb memory Cocktail party effect switch attention after hearing your name Misinformation effect Eyewitnesses reconstruct their memories when questioned about events a car accident Serial position effect remember the beginning and end of sequence better then things in the middle a groups of words numbers Belief perseverance create relation between trait and behavior Adaptation of messages to an audience Chapter 4 Characteristics of language 1 Symbol based a idea and expression i artificial 1 conventional b mascot labeled cyclones vs hawkeyes c symbol a Knowledge is determined by language 2 Type of knowledge Influences prism 3 4 Rule governed a Definitions of linguistic productivity and relativity 1 Linguistic productivity ability to understand and create unusual sentences a The cat sang a song while thinking of his smart mother 2 Linguistic relativity follow from linguistic determinism Theorizes that people from different language communities perceive the world differently Phoneme significant sound distinctions in a given language Pragmatic knowledge The study of how we use language in social contexts Allows us to understand the intentions of others Use language in social contacts Grice s 4 maxims mentioned in the book Cooperative principles conversational maxims 1 Quantity maxim 2 Quality maxim 3 Relevancy maxim 4 Manner maxim a Contributions contain enough but not too much a Speakers must be truthful but not patently absurd a Contributions are direct and pertinent a Speakers should be direct and clear Conclusion of the newborn baby crying study mentioned in book Boys cry because they are angry or mad Girls cry because they re scared Difference between low vs high context cultures mentioned in book Low context cultures Cultures that find meaning in words rather than in shared context in which communication occurs High context cultures Don t consider it necessary to spell out messages as explicitly Speakers don t bother to say what they believe listeners already know They also believe that where and how something is said is as important as what is said Purpose of the linguistic acquisition device LAD It is a postulated organ of the brain that is supposed to function as a congenital device for learning symbolic language Results from the culture of honor study mentioned in class hint how do southerners react to insults differently than Northerners Occurs when economic risk weak state laws Northerners People avoid unintentional offense to others and maintain a reputation for not accepting improper conduct by others Southerners Common among herders willingness to defend property Violence is used to defend one s own and family s honor o Different attitudes toward violence o Greater support for murder as self defense police violence Concept priming hint think bread and butter Introducing someone to a priming stimuli to see how they react to another stimuli that is related to the priming stimuli Activation of one memory leads to activation of another memory Seeing or hearing the word rabbit activates the concept primes spelling the spoken word HAIR HARE Chapter 5 Types of relational messages exchanged in every interaction mentioned in class Liking indicated through facial expressions eye contact proximity Status conveyed through posture and gesture and touch and proximity Responsiveness The degree to which we are psychologically involved in interaction shown by cues like voice and volume Nonverbal accenting Common cues that are used distinct cross culturally Ex Body movements facial expression vocal qualities space appearance If you are angry along with yelling you will shake your fist Kinesic code all of the non verbal ways that make up expression Emblems Illustrators Regulators Affect Displays Adaptors Affect displays Body movements that convey emotional state Three general aspects of chronemics mentioned in text the study of time as affects human behavior 1 Psychological time orientation the way you think about and experience time 2 Biological time orientation build a biological clocks that govern our daily rhythms 3 Cultural time orientation people from different cultures look at the value and use of time differently Effect of compliments on liking We like people who like us and give us praise Compliments are just as effective if untrue Three body types mentioned in book 1 endomorph short round fat 2 mesomorph average height and is muscular and athletic 3 ectomorph tall thin frail Types of universal facial expressions emotions 1 Happy 2 Sad 3 Angry 4 Afraid 5 Surprise 6 Disgust Pratfall effect The perfect person may be liked more if they have a weakness Ex spill coffee on self Baby face overgeneralization effect perceived as more honest warm and compliant Hired for nurse teaching Innocent in court Examples of Emblems silent words shaking finger to be scolded Illustrator drawing Affect Displays body movements that display emotions tapping fingers Regulators scratching or rubbing neck stressed Explanation for why 7 waist to hip ratio is the most preferred of all possible rations fertility and propagation increase amount of babies Relation between relationship