ComSt 101 Exam 2 Study GuideChapter 3- Characteristics and stages of listeningo “The process of receiving, constructing meaning from and responding to spoken and/or nonverbal messages.”o Five Stages Attend to stimuli – process of selectively focusing on certain events in the environment. Interpret stimuli – use structure, stability, and meaning. Evaluate – knowing what to reject, what to believe, and what to question. Respond – lets the speaker know you are engaging in active listening Store – must do, if not, listening fails. Store and retrieve.- Definition of a schema, person prototypes, personal construct, and scriptso Schema – we draw on mental guidelines to help us identify and organize incoming information. Building blocks of interpretationo Person prototypes – Idealized representations of a certain kind of person. The information contained consists of traits, patterns of behavior, and role relations that fit our idea of a certain type of person. Stereotypes.o Personal construct – are characteristics that we notice on a daily basis about others. Constructs are specific descriptorso Scripts – Schemata that allow us to interpret sequences of behavior. Tells us what comes next in a sequence of actions.- Characteristics of chronically accessible constructso Constructs that are important to us and that we frequently use, regardless of circumstances. Likely to color and bias our interpretation of others and their messages.- Relation between memory and stresso False memory, we are likely to remember events inaccurately.- Cocktail party effecto Refers to selective attention. People’s ability at a party to focus on one person despite of all outside noise. “Tune in” or “tune out.” People also picking up on words like their name from an unintended stimulus.- Flashbulb memoryo A unique and highly emotional moment may give rise to a clear, strong, and persistent memory.- Misinformation effecto When we witness an event then get incorrect information about that event, we incorporate that incorrect info into our memory. Certain words paint different pictures.- Serial position effecto Short-term situations - the ends of the list and most recent information can be recalled. Long-term situations – the beginning of the list and earliest information is retained.- Belief perseveranceo Create relationship between trait and behavior. E.g., riskiness and effective firefighting. Half positive relation and half negative relation. This undermines evidence of relation and the belief still persists. (Autism study fraud)- Audience adaptationo Refers to the process of adjusting one's topic, purpose, language, and communication style in order to avoid offending or alienating members of the audience and to increase the likelihood of achieving the goals of making the speech.Chapter 4- Characteristics of languageo Symbol based Sign language, expressiono Type of knowledge Mental rather than physical. A body of knowledge stored within our brains. Physical manifestation of mental operation. Knowledge is determined by language.o Influence prism Draw the symbol that was paired with the word in the earlier slide (dumbbells and eyeglasses)o Rule-governed Linguistic productivity. We learn the rules.- Definitions of linguistic productivity and relativityo Linguistic productivity – Your ability to understand and create unusual sentences you have never heard before. It shows that language learning is more than a matter of trial and error. o Relativity – language influences thought.- Example of a phonemeo “th” , “b”o 40 phonemes in Englisho Phonology – permissible sounds and combinations- Pragmatic knowledgeo Study of how we use language in social contextso Allows us to interpret another’s communicative intent, to understand how context affects linguistic choices, to make language choices that communicate our intentions effectively, and to take into account information about the social world and our partner’s knowledge of it.- Grice’s 4 maxims mentioned in the booko Quantity maxim – they must make sure their contributions contain enough, but not too much, information.o Quality maxim – speakers must be truthful, they cannot say something patently absurd.o Relevancy maxim – be sure their contributions are direct and pertinent.o Manner maxim – they should be direct and clear.- Conclusion of the newborn baby crying study mentioned in booko- Difference between low vs. high context cultureso Low-Context – cultures that find meaning in the words rather than in the shared context in which communication occurs. Assumes listener must be told everything explicitly.o High-Context – don’t consider it necessary to spell out messages as explicitly. They believe that where and how something is said is as important as what is said.- Linguistic acquisition device (LAD)o Noam Chomsky. An instinctive mental capacity which enables an infant to acquire and produce language.- Results from the culture of honor study mentioned in classo Violence is used to defend one’s own and family honor. Occurs during economic risk and weak state laws.o Common among herders, willingness to defend property. Herders primarily settle in the south. Farmers in North.o South – different attitudes toward violence. Greater support for murder as self-defense and police violence.o Southern more confrontational higher testosterone levels.- Concept priming (hint: think “bread” and “butter”)o A process in which the processing of a target stimulus is aided or altered by the presentation of a previously presented stimulus.Chapter 5- Types of relational messages exchanged in every interactiono Liking – indicated through faciel expression, eye contact, proximity, and the like.o Status – often conveyed through posture and gesture, through touch and proximity, and by the objects we display.o Responsiveness – the degree to which we are psychologically involved in and interaction, is shown by such cues as rate and volume of speech, amount of gesture and variability of facial display.- Kinesic codeo Kinesic code 1: Body movement and Gestureo Kinesic code 2: Facial expression and Eye behavioro Kinesics – the study of body movements (including movement of the face and eyes.)- Nonverbal accentingo Adding emphasis on words or making specific eye contact. A particular body gesture in accordance to words to enhance there severity.- Affect displayso Body movements that