ComSt 101Exam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 22 - 27Lecture 22 (March 23)Interpersonal communicationWhat is interpersonal communication and what are the different types? What are dyads? What are the rules interpersonal communication follows? What is reciprocity and why can it be bad?Interpersonal communication: two person, face-to-face-Direct: involved-Personal: common ground-Immediate: can adjust-Spontaneous: little rehearsal-Informal: freedomDyads: very in closeness-Developmental: grow in closenessGoverned by rules:-Cultural-level: use with strangers (ex. eye contact)-Sociological-level: specific to groups (ex. informal greetings)-Psychological-level: deep, intimate (ex. hugs)Reciprocity: we feel obligated to repay someone if they do something for us-Historical example: Hare Krishnas- free flower= more donationsWhy reciprocity can be bad:-Uninvited debts: receive something from someone when we didn't ask, still feel obligated-Unfair exchanges: what you receive may be smaller than what you are asked to pay in returnLecture 23 (March 25) What is the "door in the face" effect? What happened in the Moriarty study? Why is C&C so influential? What is the "foot-in-the-door" effect? What is the lowball sales technique?"Door in the face": deliberately make a large request, knowing that it will be rejected, followed by a smaller request all alongStudy: Moriarty-People asked (or not asked) to watch stuff then leave-4/20 not asked to watch the stuff intervened when someone tried to steal it-19/20 asked to watch the stuff intervened when someone tried to steal itWhy is C&C so influential?-Inconsistency is personally undesirable-Inconsistency is socially undesirable-Behaving consistently is usually beneficial-Others reward us socially for behaving consistently-If a method was successful in the past it will likely be successful again"Foot-in-the-door": get a person to commit to a small favor/ request and then get them to agreeto a larger related request-Once a person agrees to a small action, refusal to perform a related action seems inconsistentLowball sales technique: says price is lower then increases price to normal but you still say yesLecture 24 (March 27)What do men and women seek? Why are dyads built? What are the factors that influence relational development?Men seek attractiveness while women seek status and personalityDyads are built for:-Comfort and support-Happily married people have stronger immune systems than unhappily married people-The more college roommates like each other, the fewer colds they have-Develop sense of self-Inclusion of other into self: partner becomes part of identity-Looking glass self: looks to partner to validate self-Validate our view of world-Social comparison-Self evaluation maintenance theory: person will try to maintain/increase their own self-evaluation; self evaluation is influenced byrelationships with others; success from partner can increase your self-esteemRelational development-Proximity: mere exposure; LDR's-Attractiveness: matching hypothesisLecture 25 (March 30) What is relational development? What are communal and exchange relationships? What is cyber attraction? What are the five steps towards intimacy? What is the filtering theory? Who initiates relationships? What makes a close relationship? What is commitment?Relational development-Similarity: more similar attitudes, more attraction-We tend to interact with similar others, we assume similar others like us, similar others validate our beliefsCommunal vs. exchange relationships-Exchange: casual; exchange rewards-Ex. dinner for tutoring-Communal: close friends; direct concern for partner-Ex. lending moneyCyber attraction-Limited nonverbal cues available-Be attentive: listen-Stimulate proximity: chat rooms-Perceptions: infer similarity-Attract attention: in a good way-Humor-Self-disclosure: share infoPath towards intimacy-5 steps leading to commitment1. Initiating2. Experimenting3. Intensifying4. Integrating5. BondingAttraction: Filtering theory-Process of eliminationInitiating relationships-Sex partners easier to find than long-term relationship partners-Men more likely to initiate (mostly nonverbal)-Women more active once men initiateClose relationship-Involves strong, interdependence in many domains-Interdependene: thoughts, emotions, and behavior influence othersManaging interpersonal communication-Tradeoff -Married men are happier and live longer-Unmarried women are happier and live longerCommitment: long-term orientation to the relationshipLecture 26 (April 1)What happened in the commitment and relationship maintenance study? What are the origins of attachment? What are the different attachment styles? What did Holmes find? What are secures? How are attachment and conflict related? What are spirals? What is cognitive interdependence? What is effective self-disclosure? What is deception and jealousy? How do beliefs on emotional and sexual infidelity differ from males to females?Commitment and relationship maintenance study-Males interact with moderately attractive females-Rate female at different points in her menstrual cycle-Men not in relationship found her most attractive when she was ovulating-Men in relationship found her least attractive when she was ovulatingOrigins of attachment-Harlow (1971): infants bond because of bodily contact, not nourishment-Monkeys got anxious when cloth mother was removedAttachment styles-Style is stable across lifetime: influences out romantic relationships-Secure: like self and others ("normal")-Avoidant: like self and dislike others (avoid attachment)-Anxious: dislike self and like others (fear of losing attachment)Holmes (1993)-Styles influence how partners give and receive support-When upset:-Secure women seek more support than when not upset-Avoidant women seek less support than when not upsetAttachment styles influence our trust in othersSecures: long term, report high self-esteem and happiness in relationshipsAttachment and conflict-Influences how one handles conflict-Secure: no negative influence-Avoidant: less warm and supportive behavior-Anxious: report high stress, anger and anxiety, lower feelings of loveSpirals-Type of self-fulfilling prophecy-Progressive: increasing trust and commitment-Regressive: damaging thoughts and behaviorsCognitive interdependence:-I vs. we: related to commitmentEffective self-disclosure-Sharing personal info (borderline TMI)-The more you disclose the more attractive you are perceived-Not for all