COMST 101 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11 - 21Lecture 11 (February 11)Decoding Messages: Listening and PerceptionWhat is selective attention? What are the five steps to listening? What is the difference betweenhearing and listening?Perception is subjective-Ex. pickup lines-We think through communicationSelective attention: perceptions change from moment to moment-We can only pay attention to one aspect of time-Cocktail party effect: switch attention after hearing your name-Inattentional blindness: inability to see an object or person in our midstListening:1. Attention to stimuli2. Interpret stimuli3. Evaluate interpretations4. Respond5. StoreListening is different than hearing:-Hearing: physiological process (no effort)-Listening: social-cognitive process (effortful-Communication is an active processLecture 12 (February 13) What are the different listening styles? What is attention and what are the two types? What is interpretation? Define schemata and mindlessness. What is evaluation and what is its importance?Listening styles:-Action-oriented: focus on what can be done, problem solvers, concrete-Content-oriented: like detail and logic-People-oriented: empathy, focused on emotions-Time-oriented: manage time. in a hurryListening is linked to good things such as better job and school performance. better consumer, and better partner.Attention: focus on stimuli-Voluntary (ex. reading a book)-Involuntary (ex. cell phone ring)-Improve attention through setting goalsInterpretation: assign meaning-Schemata (schema): mental scripts that are the building blocks of interpretation-Uses previous knowledge and culture-Characteristics can be views subjective depending on context-Mindlessness-Cognitive misers- rely on schema (ex. stereotype use) -Improve interpretation through perception checksEvaluation: -Strong evaluation comes from deep processing-Purpose of communication (intent, motives)-Judge information (quality of message and source info)-Loaded language (God vs Devil terms)-Can be biased-Ex. stereotype use and belief perseveranceLecture 13 (February 16)What is belief perseverance? Define memory and flashbulb memory. What are the stages of memory? What is effortful processing? Define the serial position effect. What is visual encoding?Belief Perseverance: -When a relation between trait and behavior is created and the evidence of the relation is then undermined, the belief still persists Responding: part of active listening-Paraphrasing-Nonverbals are important (act attentive)Storage and retrieval:-Memory: indication that learning has persisted over time-Flashbulb memory: a unique and highly emotional moment may lead to a clear and persistent memory-Stages of memory-Encoding --> Storage --> RetrievalEffortful processing: committing novel information to memory requires efforySerial Position effect: Recall first and last items bestVisual encoding: imagery is a powerful aid to effortful processingLecture 14 (February 18) Encoding Messages: Spoken LanguageWhat is storage? Define chunking, context effects, and encoding failure. What is memory construction? What is the misinformation effect? What are the characteristics of language?Storage: retaining information -At the heart of memoryChunking: the capacity of the working memory may be increased by chunking Context effects: recall better in the setting where the learning took placeEncoding failure: we can't remember what we don't encodeMemory construction: we filter/fill in missing pieces of information to make recall more coherent-Misinformation effect: incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an eventCharacteristics of language:1. Symbol-based2. Type of knowledge3. Influences prism4. Rule governedLecture 15 (February 20)What is the symbol-based characteristic of language? What is type of knowledge? What is influences prism? What is the rule governed characteristic of language?Characteristics of language:1. Symbol-based-Symbols (idea or expression)-Artificial (conventional)2. Type of knowledge-Physical manifestation of mental operation-Knowledge is determined by language3. Influences prism-Noam Chomsky-LAD: Linguistic Acquisition Device4. Rule governed-Linguistic productivity-We learn the rules-Regular: walk-->walked-Irregular: go-->wentLecture 16 (February 23)What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? What is phonology in sounds of language? Define semantics and morpheme. What is a syntactic? What is the difference between denotative and connotative? What is the importance of context? Sapir-Whorf hypothesis:-Determinism-Language constrains thought, we are prisoners of language -Relativity-Language influences thoughtSounds of language:-Phonology: permissible sounds and combinations ("th" and "b")Words of language-Semantics: sounds and meaning-Morpheme: building blocks of words-smallest part of wordSentences-Syntactic: we must know rules to use sentences Meaning-Denotative: literal-Connotative: what is meantSocial context of language uses pragmatics-Context matters-Locutionary (utterance) vs. illocutionaryLecture 17 (March 2) How is identity developed? Define social constructionist. How is identity developed? What is the southern culture of honor?Identity developed through communicationSocial constructionist: we create meaning and meaning creates usIdentity development:-Reflected appraisals:-How others view you (temperament) and how they treat you-particular others (parents) vs. generalized others (prototype people)-Social Comparisons-Reference groups (actual vs. ought self)-Self-discrepancy theorySouthern culture of honor is more likely to act violently in order to defend honor of themselves or family.Lecture 18 (March 4)Encoding messages: nonverbal communicationWhat are the different parts of nonverbal? What is pace perception? What are the six universal facial expressions?Nonverbal-Multiple codes-Body movement, facial expressions, vocal qualities, space, and appearance-Immediate-Social distance measure-Continuous-Natural-Consistent with meaningFace perception-People extract information from faces about identity, race, gender, emotion, attractiveness, and traits-Universal facial expressions (Eckman)-Happy, sad, angry, afraid, surprise, and disgustLecture 19 (March 6)When do nonverbals help? What are the different types of liking? Define the halo effect. What isthe Pratfall effect?When nonverbals help-Making innate judgments (want to know disposition and motives)-Relational information-Liking (Physical