ComSt 101 Exam 1 Study GuideChapter 1Importance of Aristotle in communication history- Writings on rhetoric are considered to be the single greatest source of rhetoric. “Persuasive Rhetoric” “Available means of persuasion” Definitions and examples of pathos, ethos, and logos- Ethos – character, Pathos – emotion, Logos – message logicThe canons of rhetoric- Invention - topic and background- Style - how info is said. Plain – ethos, Vigorous – pathos, middle – logos- Arrangement - intro, purpose, body of argument, conclusion- Memory - keep track of topic, style, and arrangement. Mnemonics.- Delivery – voice, nonverbal infoCharacteristics and foci of the three periods (e.g., classical, medieval, modern) - Classical – Rhetoricians find truth. Relevant today. Aristotle style.- Medieval – most illiterate, teach “the word”, letter writing (world getting larger), Preaching (simplify the word)- Modern – communication empirically grounded, free speech.The three types of speaking style in the classical period- Ethos, Pathos, LogosPsychological emphasis in communication- Link between communication, thought and behavior. Bacon’s distortions or “Idols” of clear thinking. The tribe (careless thinkers). Copy room study (reason better than no reason)Definition and example of Bacon’s Idols (ways of thinking) -Idols of the Cave, individual prisms. Ex. Stereotypes, personalities. Help interpret ambiguous info. “Finger lickin’ good” = “eat your fingers off” - Idols of the Market – distortion of language. Ex. Yelling “fire” -Idols of the Theatre – accept without thought. Use of cues, heuristics (Authority – obey superiors. Liking – trust people we like. Consensus – the majority cant be wrong right?)Wiio’s law (mentioned in lecture)- Communication usually fails, except by accident- If communication can fail, it will- If communication cannot fail, it still fails- If communication seems to succeed, there was a misunderstanding- If a message can be interpreted in several ways, it will be interpreted in a way that maximizes damage*- There is someone who knows better than you what you meant with your message*- The more we communicate, the worse communication succeeds*Qualities of good communication mentioned in class (that is, why communication is important)-Help attain goals, establish relationships, and develop identityComponents of the scientific method - Observation – Direct vs. Indirect- Description – Label- Prediction – understand limits- Explanation - causeChapter 2The functions of models-Purpose and components of the psychological perceptive in communication-Improving faulty communication between sender and receiver. Noise and lack of common ground.Definition of a mental set- A person’s beliefs, values, attitudes, feelings, and so on. A way of thinking.Purpose and emphasis of the laws, pragmatic, social constructivist, and cultural studies-perspectives to communication-Psychological – upstream, mental processes-Social constructionist – downstream, cultural processes-Pragmatic – interdependent behaviorFundamental attribution errorDefinition of communication mentioned in lecture- Lots of definitions, check slideMain take-home message behind the ostracism research mentioned in lecture-There is actual mental pain?Halo effect (mentioned in lecture)- A cognitive bias in which our judgments of a person’s character can be influenced by our overall impression of him or herChapter 13Characteristics of the common sense way of knowing-Observation, Intuition, AuthorityCharacteristics of scholarly research-Question oriented, Methodological (Systematic, logical), Replicable (consistent findings), Self-critical (evaluate own work), Self-correction (growth), Cyclical (new questions)Definition of a heuristic- Enabling a person to discover or learn something for themselvesTypes of variables in a research study (i.e., independent and dependent)-IV – what is known. The “cause” in an experiment.-DV – What is influenced/predicted. Affected by the IV.Definition of a double-barreled question-Asking two things at onceTake-home message of the Jonestown massacre mentioned in lecture-authority can and should be questionedDifferences between the logical positivistic and humanistic perspective-Humanistic – knowledge should serve people-Logical positivistic – gain knowledge for own sakeDefinition of stereotype threat-Acting consistently with a common stereotype (women and math)Definition of an operational definition-Concrete, observationalCriteria for establishing causality-Temporal precedence (cause before effect), Covariation, Addressing alternative explanations.Purposes of a theory-Organize what we know and help explain behavior-Generate new knowledge (testable and modifiable if necessary)-Grounded in objective data collection (provides testable hypotheses)Definition of Basking in reflected glory (BIRGing)-Becoming apart of the a team and embracing when winning but pushing away when losingSample item stemsThe following items will help familiarize you with the types of items you will see on the exam. Ihave included only the item stems and not the multiple choice options because you may see theseon the exam. However, you should be able to know the correct answer by completing the item stem.An operational definition is:a)b)c)d)The Lyceum was founded by:a)b)c)d)The style that was logical, clear, and restrained and worked to convince the audience of the speaker’s good character and trustworthiness