Mar 9 Motivation 1 The motivation question a How can leaders get people to want to complete a task 2 What motivates you 3 Three key elements of motivation a Energy b Direction c Persistence 4 Types of rewards a Intrinsic i Measure of intensity and drive i Effort channeled toward organization goals is ideal i Consistent effort in striving toward a organizational goal Internal satisfaction i ii Under the control of the individual b Extrinsic i Given by another person ii Originate externally as a result of pleasing others 5 Operant theory behavior a The use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of b Deals with the modification of voluntary behavior c Behavior modification i Reinforcement punishment and extinction ii Positive reinforcement 1 Reinforcement a A consequence that causes a behavior to occur with greater frequency 2 Favorable events or outcomes that are presented after 3 the behavior In situations that reflect this a response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of something such as praise or a direct reward iii Negative reinforcement 1 Involves the removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior 2 A response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant 3 Not a negative thing just taking away iv Punishment 1 Consequence that causes a behavior or occur less frequently 2 Positive punishment a A behavior is followed by a stimulus like a shock or loud noise to decrease that bad behavior v Extinction 3 Negative punishment a Like taking away a toy or something they like to decrease bad behavior 1 Lack of any consequences following a behavior 2 3 When the right behavior occurs it will be rewarded If it is inconsequential it will occur with less frequency 6 Three content motivation theories a Hierarchy of needs b Two factor c Acquired needs 7 Herzberg factors Two factor needs a Hygiene factors i Without them you are not happy ii Adding more doesn t really motivate you iii Company policies status supervisor security work conditions salary iv When hygiene factors are poor work is dissatisfying b Motivator factors i With them you are motivated without them you aren t ii Motivated to work for better performance iii Achievement iv Responsibility v Recognition vi Advancement vii Growth c Leader must move beyond hygiene factors to be effective 8 McClelland Acquired Needs a Achievement i Need to excel ii Desire to accomplish something difficult attain success and master tasks b Affiliation societal rank c Power i Need for interpersonal relationships ii Desire to form close relationships avoid conflict and establish Influencing others i ii Desire to influence or control others be responsible for others and have authority Mar 11 More motivation 1 Equity and expectancy theory a Equity theory i Proposes that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they expect for performance ii We expect equality in rewards and treatment b Expectancy theory i Followers will be motivated if they believe 1 They are capable of performing their work 2 Their efforts will result in a certain outcome 3 The payoffs for doing their work are worthwhile 4 Very Theory Y way of thinking ii Pygmalion effect 1 Self fulfilling prophesy 2 We rise to the expectation of where someone sees us 2 Path Goal Theory the Contingency Motivation Theory a Mix of contingency theory and motivation theory i Takes into account motivation situation and type of leader b Emphasizes the relationship between i Leader s style ii Characteristics of the subordinates iii The work setting iv It is the leader s responsibility and job to use their influence to motivate their followers c Contingency variables i Personal characteristics of followers ii Environmental pressure and demands followers must cope with to accomplish goals and satisfy needs d Increasing motivation by i Clarifying the followers path to the rewards ii iii Learn what makes them tick and what motivates them the Increasing the rewards the follower values and desires most e This theory suggests i Each type of leader behavior has a different kind of impact on subordinates motivation 1 Style of leader must match what motivates them 2 May need loud aggressive motivation 3 Others need a pat on the back etc ii Whether or not a particular leader behavior is motivating is contingent on 1 Subordinate characteristics 2 Task characteristics f The goal is to enhance employee performance and satisfaction by focusing on employee motivation i Defines goals ii Clarifies path iii Removes obstacles iv Provides support v Employees start at one end and must be directed to the goal g Leader style in path goal i Directive leadership 1 Authority compliant or task oriented 2 Tells followers how and when to do something 3 Easily clarify goals ii Supportive leadership 1 County club or relationship oriented 2 Understands equity theory 3 Concerned for follower s well being and needs iii Participative leaders 1 Team 2 Consult with followers about decisions and want them to be actively engaged 3 Talk about the obstacle with the follower before they remove it and clarify the path 4 Wants to turn followers into leaders iv Achievement oriented leaders 1 Sets clear and challenging goals for followers 2 Focus on expectancy theory and Pygmalion effect 3 You expect people to rise to the occasion like in Theory Y h Followers in path goal i Need for affiliation 1 One of McClelland s motivators 2 Want to feel like a part of something bigger ii Preference for structure 1 How well you deal with ambiguity iii Desire for control 1 Will either be an internal or external locus of control 2 How do you handle responsibilities a External locus are driven by achievement iv Self perceived level of task ability 1 Knowledge 2 Skills 3 Ability 4 Don t over or under estimate followers or self a Self perceptions are never 100 accurate i Task or environment in path goal i These are our obstacles ii Design of task 1 What level of ambiguity or repetitions are present iii Formal authority system 1 What bureaucracies policies and guidelines are iv Primary work group of subordinates 1 What is the culture that you are working within 2 Need to define and roll with the norms of the involved culture 3 Only change the less important and more flexible ones and only if you have to j Have to make sure that leader style subordinate style and environmental are all in line i Table on phone ii May need to adjust you style based on followers or iii Need to be able to