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TAMU ALED 340 - Exam 3 Study Guide
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ALED 340 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 12-14Lecture 12 What are the three key elements of motivation? Energy: measure of intensity and driveDirection: effort that is channeled toward organizational goalsPersistence: consistent effort in striving toward an organizational goalWhat are the two types of rewards?Instrinsic: internal satisfactions, under the control of the individualExtrinsic: given by another person, originate externallyWhat is the Operant Theory?Operant Theory is the use of consequences to modify the occurrence and form of behavior. (Behavior modification, reinforcement, punishment, and extinction)What is reinforcement? (encourages behavior)Reinforcement urges the behavior to be repeated. What is positive reinforcement? (give something  )Positive reinforcement includes favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. Behavior is strengthened and continued as a result of the positive reinforcement. Clip shown in class: character from show receives a chocolate every time she does something that the other characters want her to continue to do. What is negative reinforcement? (take something away )Negative reinforcement includes the removal of unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of behavior. A response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant. Clip shown in class: Nationwide vanishing deductibleWhat is punishment? (stops behavior)Punishment is a consequence that causes a behavior to occur with less frequency. Positive punishment (give something  ) occurs when a behavior is followed by a stimulus (such a shock or loud noises that result in the decrease in that behavior). Negative punishment (take something away  ) occurs when the behavior is followed bythe removal of a stimulus (such as taking away a child’s toy resulting in decrease in that behavior). What is extinction? (stop behavior)Extinction is the lack of any consequence following a behavior. Ifa behavior is inconsequential, producing neither a favorable norunfavorable outcomes, it will occur with less frequency. What are the 3 content motivation theories?Hierarchy of Needs – Abraham Maslow; clip shown in class –Samoa: interviewee on the show Survivor that says his only vision right now is a big juicyburger with fries (appeal to physiological)Two-Factor – Herzberg; hygiene and motivator factorsHygiene- company policies, supervisor, work conditions, salary, status, security. Without them, you are unhappy. But adding more does not really motivate you. When hygiene factors are poor, work is dissatisfying. Leadermust move beyond hygiene (low level motivators)Motivator – achievement, recognition, work itself, responsibility, advancement, growthWith them, you are motivated. Without them, you are not motivated to work for better performance. Acquired Needs – MC Clelland; Achievement, Affiliation, PowerAchievement – Need for achievement = need to excel (desire to accomplish something difficult) Affiliation- need for affiliation = need for interpersonal relationships (desire to form close relationships, avoid conflict, and establish societal rank)Power- need for power = influence others (desire to influence or control others, be responsible for others and have authority) Lecture 13 What is equity theory?Equity theory proposes that people are motivated to seek social equity in the rewards they expect for performance. What is expectancy theory?Expectancy theory proposes that followers will be motivated if they believe they are capable of performing their work, that their efforts will result in a certain outcome, and that the payoffs for doing their work are worthwhile. What are contingency variables?Contingency variables include personal characteristics of followers, environmental pressure and demands followers must cope with to accomplish goals and satisfy needs. How can motivation be increased?Motivation can be increased by clarifying the followers path to the rewards and increasing the rewards to the follower’s values and desires. What is path-goal theory? Path-goal theory says it is the leader’s responsibility to increase subordinates’ motivation to attain personal and organizational goals. This theory emphasizes the relationship between the leaser’s style, the characteristics of the subordinate, and the work setting. Path-goal theory suggests that each type of leader behavior has a differentkind of impact on subordinates. What is the goal in path-goal leadership?To enhance employee performance and satisfaction by focusing on employee motivation. Path-goal leadership defines goals, clarifies path, removes obstacles, and provides support. What are leader styles in path-goal leadership?Directive leadership – tells followers exactly what to do and when to do itSupportive leadership – concern for followers well-being and personal needsParticipative leadership – consults with followers about decisions Acheivement-oriented leadership – sets clear challenging goals for followersWhat are follower characteristics?Need for affiliation – Mc Clelland’s theory that need for affiliation is need for interpersonal relationsPreference for structure – how good is the follower with ambiguity Self-perceived level of task ability – how tricky is the taskWhat are task or environmental characteristics?Design of task – what is the level of ambiguity or repetitionFormal authority system – bureaucracy, policies, and guidelinesPrimary work group of subordinates – what are the group norms (culture)Lecture 14What is servant leadership?Servant leadership is defined as when a leader assumes the position of a servant in relationships with followers. The leader transcends self-interest to serve the needs of others, helps others grow, and provides opportunities for others to gain materially, emotionally, and spiritually. What does Robert Greenleaf say about servant leadership?According to Greenleaf, self- interest should NOT motivate Servant Leadership, primary motivation for leadership should be the desire to serve, meet the needs of others, and make them “better off.”, and there are 10 major attributes of servant leadership.What do Russell and Stone have to say about servant leadership?Russell and Stone came up with the model for servant leadership, which categorizes Greenleaf’s 10 major attributes as either functional or accompanying. What are independent variables for servant leadership?Values – core


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TAMU ALED 340 - Exam 3 Study Guide

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