ALED 340 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 7-11Lecture 7 (February 16th)What is Leader-Member Exchange (LMX)? Northouse defines LMX as a role-making process between a leader and each individual and the exchange relationship that develops over time. It is both directive and prescriptive. One drawback of LMX is that there isn’t much to go off of, and in order to find LMX, several other people’s theories had to be analyzed. What kind of relationship occurs in LMX?A dyadic relationship occurs in LMX between the follower and leader, meaning that the relationship goes back and forth and is not one-sided. What is Vertical Dyad Linkage?There is also Vertical Dyad Linkage, which is defined as focused on the nature of the vertical linkages leaders formed with each other and their followers. Basically, how leaders interact with their followers. What are the two types of linkage?There is in-group and out-group linkage. In-group is based on expanded and negotiated role responsibility; whereas, outgroup is based on the formal employment contract. In-groups and out-groups form naturally. What effect do in-groups and out-groups have on followers?Followers in the in-group are willing to do more, have innovative approaches, receive more responsibility, receive more opportunity, and get time/support from the leader. Followers in the out-group operate strict to prescribed roles, do only what is required, get fair treatment but no special attention, and receive standard benefits.What effect do in-groups and out-groups have on leaders?Leaders provide attention, respond to needs and feelings, assign high priority tasks, and reward efforts to followers in the in-group. Leaders provide standard benefits for completion of formal requirements, do not entirely trust the out-group members, and are less likely to consult with members of the out-group. What is Leadership Making?Leadership making takes into account the interactions of LMX and how these interactions are used for leadership making. It develops over time (2 weeks to 6 months)while the leader-member exchange is stable and is sometimes context driven. Leadership making occurs in phases. What are the phases of Leadership Making?Stranger Phase: rule bound (would not call your boss out in the stranger phase), contractual relationship, lower quality exchanges, followers are motivated by self-interest (they are more interested in themselves because they do not know the needs of the follower). Acquaintance Phase: sharing more resources, testing period for followers (take on more roles and responsibilities), new ways of relating (takes time and effort), motivated by both self and other interestMature Partnership Phase: high degree of mutual respect and trust, can depend on eachother, move beyond own self-interest (group interest)What should a LMX leader do?LMX leaders should not focus on differences of in and out groups, but rather creates special relationships with all followers. They should offer all opportunities for new roles and responsibilities, nurture high-quality exchanges with all followers, and build trust with everyone. Basically, a leader should do what they said they would do. Lecture 8 (February 18th)What did Tannenbaum and Schmidt say leadership behaviors were based off?Leadership behaviors derive from decision making and in which way the leader makes their decisions: impact of followers, organization, most important, or leader centered (authoritative, political, evaluative, participative, laizzez faire/group centered).What is leadership continuum?Authoritative (tells what to do): leader knows the problem, leader decides, leader tells the group what, when, and how to do the project. Political (sells): leader knows the problem, the solutions, and motivates (persuades) the group to do what the leader wantsEvaluative (tests): leader knows the problem, knows all the solutions, asks the group what they think about the solutions (invites questions), and leader picks the solutions. Participative (consults): leader knows the problem, leader does not know all the solutions (but may have tentative decision made), asks group for ideas, leader makes thedecisionLaizzez – Faire (joins): leader does not know the problem, members define the problem, members create solutions, members decide what to do, facilitate leader.What do Tannenbaum and Schmidt think of leadership behavior now?Today’s leader is more likely to deal with followers who resent being treated as subordinated, environmental issues, and freedom of the leader. Lecture 9 (February 23th)What is a task-oriented leader?A task-oriented leader facilitates goal accomplishment, helps group members achieve their objectives, defines role of the followers (what,when,how,where). Task-orientation occurs when the task is very important, people involvement is low, or follower knowledge, skills, and/or abilities are low. What is a relationship-oriented leader?A relationship-oriented leader helps followers feel comfortable with themselves, each other, and the situation, helps group members function as effective team members, and the leader acts as a facilitator. Relationship-orientation occurs when task in not as important as getting followers involved, follower knowledge, skills, and/or abilities are high. What is University of Michigan’s model?Rensis Likert classified leaders as effective and ineffective by comparing the behaviors of each. He conducted a survey of organizations, which concluded M’s Two Dimensions of Job-centered and employee-centered. Job-centered reflects task-oriented with a goal emphasis and leader direction. Employee-centered reflects relationship-oriented with a focus of human needs of followers, leader support, and interaction facilitation. Model depicted as a continuum.What is Ohio State’s model?Hemphill (under Stogdill) identified specific dimensions of leader behaviors that proved to be very valid based on a diverse population study. Ohio’s model broke leadership behaviors into two dimensions as well: initiation of structure and consideration. Initiation of Structure is much like task-oriented in that the leader initiates the activity, maintains the standards and deadlines and structures the roles. Consideration is much like relationship-oriented in that the leader exhibits a concern for other members, showsappreciation, strengthens esteem, puts the followers to ease and states that if they participate, they feel great. Model depicted as a grid.