Behavioral Models ofBehavioral Models of LeadershippUniversity of Iowa StudiesOhio State University StudiesO o State U e s ty Stud esUniversity of Michigan StudiesObjectivesObjectivesExamine the task & relationship studies inExamine the task & relationship studies in historical context Explore task & relationship leader behaviorspp Understand each model of leader behaviorIdentify positive & negative aspects of modelsIdentify positive & negative aspects of modelsSetting the SceneSetting the SceneTrait ApproachTrait Approach ‘Great Man’PersonalityPersonality Behavioral ApproachTwo primary behaviorsTwo primary behaviors Task-oriented Relationship-orientedLeader BehaviorsLeader Behaviors Task  Relationship Gives direction to group Sets standardsp Is friendly & open Builds community Makes plans Defines roles & jobsClarifies goals & tasks Listens to suggestions Self-disclosesShows concern for othersClarifies goals & tasks Focuses on accomplishment of assignmentShows concern for others Encourages others to achieve the goals they have set collaborativelyassignmentset collaborativelyUniversity of IowaUniversity of IowaKurt LewinKurt Lewin Polish Jew living in Germany under Hitler Managed to escape & came to U.S.gp Fascinated by group dynamics Studied leadership in groups of boys at campUniversity of Iowa Studies y(1930s)Autocratic (Directive)Autocratic (Directive) Leader tells “what, when, why, & how” of taskFollowers do what they’re toldFollowers do what they re told Democratic (Participative)Leader seeks input about task from groupLeader seeks input about task from group  Followers & leader are equalLaissez-faire (Delegative)Laissezfaire (Delegative) Leader lets followers make all decisions Followers do what they think is besto o e s do at t ey t s bestA Continuum of ControlA Continuum of ControlAutocraticLaissez-FaireDemocraticAutocraticLaissezFaireDemocraticFindingsFindingsAutocraticAutocratic High productivityHostility, aggression, blamingHostility, aggression, blaming DemocraticFairly high productivityFairly high productivity Camaraderie, creativity, consideration Laissez-faireLaissezfaire Low productivity Demanding, argumentativeeadg,aguetateOhio State University StudiesOhio State University StudiesRalph StogdillRalph Stogdill  Contracted by the U.S. military to study effective leadership Industrial contexts Military contexts Goal was to find a universal leadership modelOhio State University Studies(1940s-y1960s)Initiating StructureInitiating Structure Leader organizes & structures work Defines follower roles & schedules work activities Followers do what they’re told Consideration Leader builds rapport, trust, & respect Nurtures followers & is collaborative Followers participate in making decisionsBest of Both Worlds!Best of Both Worlds!Hi h C id tiHigh StructureHigh ConsiderationLow Structure Low ConsiderationFindingsFindingsInconclusiveInconclusive Some research indicated high consideration and high structure was idealg Not enough research support for this premise Best leadership style seemed contingent on the conte tcontextUniversity of Michigan StudiesUniversity of Michigan StudiesDaniel Katz & Rensis LikertDaniel Katz & Rensis Likert Interested in managementStudied the effect of leader behaviors on smallStudied the effect of leader behaviors on small groups Organizational & contextsUniversity of Michigan Studiesyg(!940s-1960s)Production OrientationProduction Orientation Leader emphasizes technical aspects of workUtilitarian view of followers–they are merelyUtilitarian view of followers they are merely the tools for completing the work Employee Orientationpy Leader emphasizes the personal aspects of work Views followers as unique, attends to their personal needsBest of Both Worlds IIBest of Both Worlds IIHigh ProductionLow EmployeeHigh EmployeeLow EmployeeHigh EmployeeLow ProductionFindingsFindingsInconclusiveInconclusive Some consistency in support of a high-task/high-relationship stylegy Most research indicates that style depends on situationQuick ReviewQuick ReviewIowaIowa Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez-faireOhioOhio Initiating structure, ConsiderationMichiganMichigan Production Orientation, Employee