Sex Segregation Gender Arrangements in Elementary School Two Worlds Model Searches for a difference among the sexes These differences tend to be exaggerated and similarities ignored Assumes that the genders are qualitively and permanently different masks the possibility that arrangements may vary by situation race social class religion subcultutre Neglects the individual variation Gender is abstracted from its social context Segregation is more complex than this model suggests Gender can me less more important based on the context of the situation Border Work Boundaries established by border work Refers to the interactions across genders that strengthen the boundaries between them Through this kids construct the girls and the boys are rival groups It s a practice that uphold boys and girls as dichotomous groups Heterosexuality as Border Work Cross sex interactions are filled with heterosexual meaning Children are teased about liking someone of the opposite sex when they initiate cross sex interactions Heterosexuality helps maintain gender divide Friendships between boys and girls formed outside of school went underground during the school day Crossing over to the other gender Girls are more easily accepted in the guys area than visa versa Gender is muted in salience and the interaction between the two is more relaxed When the activity is consuming and requires cooperation When the students are not in charge of picking the groups When the basis for picking the group is not based on gender but on another factor In less public areas Boys tend to interact in larger more heterogeneous groups form interactions in form of contests sports is both a central activity and metaphor frequently use direct commands insults and challenges Not as much research has been done for girls but they do tend to be more private smaller groups more cooperative playing and turn taking more intense and exclusive friendships indirect ways of expressing disagreements In class notes Sex segregation should be understood has a result of deliberate activity Is more dynamic than just imposing rigid rules of segregation Gender may be less important in some settings than others Those who crossed boundaries were often teased especially boys who participated in feminine activities Borderwork in schools Guys take up much more area on the playground than girls Girls are more sexualized than boys at this age Contests divide genders to form groups Chasing girls chase the boys Group Invasions o Guys come and take over girls areas more so than the other way around Rituals of Pollution cooties o Girls are the ones with cooties Tiger Girls on Soccer Field Upper class parents think that success in athletics and success in career are linked Daughters are enrolled in soccer or chess Seen as making them more competitive Upper middle class girls are promoted more aggressive femininity Teamwork skills are essential to getting hired can be obtained through the participation in sports Aggressiveness assertiveness Competitive Kid Capital competitive afterschool activities as a way to develop certain values and skills the importance of winning the ability to bounce back from a loss to win in the future to perform within time limits to succeed in stressful situations and to perform under the gaze of others Some think that maybe competitive sports will drive females away from traditionally feminine pursuits A female that is involved in sport is more likely to attend college Athleticism butts heads with hegemonic femininity Emotional Body Labor Nail Salon Experiment Emotional Labor refers to the process in which workers are expected to manage their feelings in accordance with organizationally defined rules and guidelines The worker is required to produced a particular emotional state in others o Must make costumer feel satisfied Emotional labor is sold for a wage Employer has some control over the emotional activities of the employees Different regions areas of wealth demographic areas have different since they are paying them emotional needs Body labor focuses on emotional management through bodily contact Body labor services reflects and reproduces racial and class inequalities between white muddle and upper class customers and Korean workers Body labor expands emotional labor by o Investigation of the intersection of race class and gender o Looking at the emotional labor involved in settings where women serve women o Focusing on the emotional management in bodily contact These types of labors increase interaction between two peoples that might have interacted otherwise Nail salons is highly gendered work Women are both the servers and consumers Work is done primarily by immigrant women Uptown High Service Required a spa like atmosphere emotional support attentiveness pampering themselves to feel good Downtown Expressive Body Labor Was more interested in technique Requested respect and fairness rather than emotional support Cross town Routinized body labor Quick courteous Maid in LA Immigrants begin as live ins for the money saving aspect of room and board Live Ins Being ignored by the family is damaging Feeling like they have no where to retreat can make them feel confined imprisoned Socially isolated Make the least No privacy Sometimes are required to sleep in the child s room but even if not there may be little privacy or the kids may go to them in the middle of the night rather than the parents Boundaries disappear Sensation of being around others but invisible Food was an issue sometimes there wasn t any for them or they would buy their own and then it would get eaten by the family the bridge Day Workers Make moderate pay More privacy Hours still suck Make more money faster than live ins Able to sleep at night firmly circumscribed boundaries are more apparent Sometimes there was conflict between employer and domestic worker if more attention was paid on taking care of the child than cleaning duties despite the employer emphasizing their kids needs come first Jealousy from parents can occur Being in charge of the kids food and the pets Critiques parenting styles or lack there of from the mom s that hire them Cleaners Paid the most Most flexibility Can clean multiple houses in one day individuals can make up their schedule Getting into the business is tough at first recommendations from friends and learning from informal apprenticeships Cleaners and day workers are able to spend more time with their own family Paid domestic workers
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