BIOL 320 1st Edition Lecture 3 Outline of Last Lecture I Posterior Pituitary Hypothalamic Hormones A Regulation B Oxytocin C Antidiuretic Hormone i Fun with ADH II Hypothalamic Hormones A Release To B Target C Regulation D Description of Hormones III Anterior Pituitary Hormones A Regulation B Description of Hormones IV Thyroid Gland A Location and Structure B Thyroid Hormones C Homeostatic Imbalances V Parathyroid Glands A Location and Structure B Parathyroid Hormone C Homeostatic Imbalances Outline of Current Lecture VI Adrenal Glands A Adrenal Corticosteroids B Homeostatic Imbalances C Stress Response D Disorders VII Pancreas A Cell Types i Target ii Effects B Diabetes Mellitus Current Lecture Adrenal Glands Structure superficial to deep layers o Capsule o Zona glomerulosa Synthesizes mineralocorticoids aldosterone o Zona fasciuclata Synthesizes glucocorticoids cortisol o Zona reticularis Synthesizes androgens or gonadocortioids o Adrenal medulla not part of endocrine system nervous Synthesizes epinephrine and norepinephrine Adrenal Corticosteroids o Mineralocorticoids Aldosterone Affects Na and HCO reabsorption Target kidney tubules distal parts Effects retain Na so keep water high blood pressure results elimination of K Stimulus o Drop in Na or increase in K in blood causes zona glomerulosa to release aldosterone o Decreased blood volume and or blood pressure Increased blood pressure or blood volume causes heart to release ANP inhibits zona glomerulosa to release aldosterone Stress induces hypothalamus to release CRH causing the anterior pituitary to release ACTH which causes zona glomerulosa to release aldosterone o Glucocorticoids Cortisol Stimulates gluconeogenesis Mobilize fat so that it can be used as energy Encourages breakdown of proteins make new proteins from amino acids or used to make ATP Anti inflammatory Resistance to stress Decrease immune function Used in organ transplants to decrease immune function so that transplant will not be rejected Administering cortisol will decease CRH and ACTH levels due to negative feedback loop o Gonadocorticoids Testosterone for example Steroid hormone Pre pubescent effects Synthesized in zona reticularis Come back in women after menopause as primary reproductive hormone Hyper secretion of gonadocorticoids would be more prevalent in women Homeostatic Imbalances o Addison s Disease Low cortisol and low aldosterone Patient would present dehydration hypotension bronzing effect of the skin o Cushing s Disease Elevated levels of mainly cortisol Patient would present high blood glucose levels muscle wasting bone wasting puffy moon face fat deposit on back of neck super depressed immune system Stress Response o Short term Nerve impulse stimulates adrenal medulla to release mainly epinephrine some norepinephrine Causes Increased heart rate Increased blood pressure Liver converts glycogen to glucose and release glucose to blood Dilation of bronchioles Changes in blood flow patterns leading to decreased digestive system activity and reduced urine output Increased metabolic rate o Long term Stimulates the ventral hypothalamus CRH anterior pituitary ACTH adrenal cortex mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids Causes Mineralocorticoids o Retention of sodium and water by kidneys o Increased blood volume and blood pressure Glucocorticoids o Proteins and fats converted to glucose or broken down for energy o Increased blood glucose o Suppression of immune system Extra Info o What is the basic difference between homeostasis and stress response Homeostasis maintains natural levels Stress response resets adjust to current demands outside of natural levels o Artificial corticoids Examples prednisolone acetate and dexamethasone Uses dermatology organ transplant rheumatoid arthritis ER for severe blood loss Potential Problems Iatrogenic Addison s Disease physician induced decreased cortisol and aldosterone levels Disorders o Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Missing one or more enzymes needed for cortisol synthesis Genetic disorder of increased adrenal cell size Decrease cortisol increase ACTH no negative feedback stimulate growth of adrenal cortex enlarged adrenals Result Accumulation of cortisol precursors which can be converted to testonerone Symptoms Ambiguous genitalia in girls Enlarged penis in boys Poor weight gain Weight loss Dehydration Vomiting Very early puberty Rapid growth during childhood but shorter than average final height Irregular menstrual cycles in women Infertility in women and men o Post Traumatic Stress Disorder PTSD Trigger learning of experiencing some devastating event Symptoms Re experiencing event Avoidance Loss of interest Lack of motivation Poor concentration Irritability Insomnia Treatment Cognitive therapy Exposure therapy Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing EMDR Medication SSRIs selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors Group therapy Family therapy Psychodynamic psychotherapy Pancreas Description o 99 exocrine digestion o 1 endocrine Cell Types o Alpha cells Produce glucagon Glucagon increases glucose concentration in the blood Target liver glycogen stores will be broken down o Beta cells Produce insulin Insulin decreases glucose concentration in the blood Target several systemic almost Diabetes Mellitus o Overflow of honey o Insulin imbalance o Symptoms Polyuria increased urine formation Polydipsia increased thirst Polyphagia increased hunger muscles are starving need more fats and proteins o Type I Problem with insulin Not producing enough insulin Shots of insulin Untreated would be a stressor so body would release cortisol which would only stimulate more glucose in blood so deadly o Type II Not enough insulin produced or insulin receptors not working correctly Correlated with chronic high levels of insulin produced through lifetime Untreated body go into using fatty acids and amino acids producing ketone bodies which drops blood pH ketoacidosis o Gestational Occurs to some women during some pregnancies Treated with regulated meals Hypoglycemia o Too much insulin o Feed often small meals o Can lead to delirium