Cecil, H., & Pinkerton, S. D.(1998).Reliability and validity of a self-efficacy instrument for protective sexual behaviors.Journal of American College Health,47(3),113-121. DOI:10.1080/074484898095956311. What did Cecil and Pinkerton view as weaknesses of past research on the relation between self-efficacy and condom use?2. What does Cronbach’s indicate? What are convergent and discriminant (divergent) validity?How can researchers demonstrate convergent and discriminant validity? 3. What are the three domains of protective sexual behavior that Cecil and Pinkerton attempted to capture with their 22-item self-efficacy measure? Provide examples that represent the three domains. See Appendix.4. In addition to the self-efficacy inventory, which measures did the respondents complete?5. Cecil and Pinkerton reported that previously published scales that they administered were sufficiently reliable. Do you agree? See Table 1.6. What were the average responses to the self-efficacy subscales? How reliable were the subscales? See Table 2. Why did Cecil and Pinkerton determine that they would not remove any of the items of the subscales?Self-efficacy subscale. Ability to ____ M (1-5)refuse sexual intercoursequestion potential partnersuse condoms7. Do you agree with Cecil and Pinkerton’s decision to ask respondents whether they “ever had sex” rather than whether they “ever engaged in vaginal intercourse?” Why or why not? What percent of respondents indicated that they “had sex” at least once? What percent of respondents had more than one partner over their lifetime? 8. What percent of respondents reported that they had used condoms? What percent of respondents reported that it was extremely or somewhat unlikely that they would use condoms?9. Insert and interpret the Pearson correlations. See Table 3. Ability to _____ Ability to refuse sexual intercourse Ability to Q potential partnersrefuse sexual intercourse ———— ————Q potential partners ————use condoms10. Did evidence of convergent validity emerge? Insert and interpret values from Table 4. Self-efficacy subscaleAbility to ____Partnerspast 3 monthsCondom uselast episodeCondom usepast 3 monthsCondom usefuturerefuse sexual intercourseQ potential partnersuse condoms11. Did evidence of convergent validity emerge when Cecil and Pinkerton correlated self-efficacy subscale scores with scores on self-esteem, mastery, and social anxiety? Why or why not?12. Did evidence of discriminant validity emerge? Explain your decision.13. Were scores on self-efficacy subscales and social desirability related? Interpret the relation orlack thereof.14. What is a limitation of the study of Cecil and
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