Self efficacy subscaleAbility to refuse sexual intercourseAbility to q potential partnerRefuse~~Question.36**~Condom.39**.44*Self efficacy subscalePartners last 3 monthsCondom use last episodeCondom use past 3 monthsCondom use in futurerefuse-.22*.18*.02.06question-.03.22*.15*.03Condom-.11.26*.17*.13*Psych 225Exam # 2 Study Guide Chapter 14: Questionnaires, Survey, Research, and Sampling-wanted to do a survive a problems people face in US (1957 and 1976), how adjusted, happy, optimistic, etc. they were, how likely they would be to get psychological help and more Steps for Designing a Survey Research Project1) General Objectives-state why survey necessarya. “relationship between depression and gender”2) Specific Objectives-type of data collected and hypotheses exploreda. Women report depression/symptoms more often than men and women seek help for this more 3) Sample-what population you will address and how large and how to choose a samplea. Ex. population: registered voters in Texas4) Questionnaire-how to survey (in person, mail, etc.) and what the questions will bea. Open-ended vs. fixed alternative questions, etc. 5) Fieldwork-who will interviewers bea. Interrelationship of sex, race, and gender, etc.6) Content Analysis-must group numerical or code open-ended answers7) Analysis Plan -specify a plan of analysis8) Tabulation-how entered in the computer and what form data should be stored9) Analysis and Reporting -preparations of a report Question Construction and FormatTypes of Questions1) open-ended questions+ does not impose researchers point of view + may give info not previously considered + may show you a new way of understanding the issue being investigated + good way to being a survey- can be difficult to categorize/interpret responses2) fixed-alternative question (close-ended questions)- limited in their responses + have a wide array of presentation -can mix open-ended with fixed~ex. what is your favorite show?[ ] Seinfeld[ ] Simpsons[ ] Sesame Street[ ] Other, Please Specify -funneling: starting with an open-ended question that follows with more specific items -make sure responses fit with category of the question~how often… “rarely, sometimes, always”-do not over lap response choices:~how many kids do you have: 0-1, 1-2, etc. There are many other options for survey question types as wellEx. sometimes children use graphics (point to sad or smiley face) to rate things -Likert published a technique for measuring attitudes; he developed a measure or scaling items that he can then add together to form an index -semantic differential: uses bipolar adjectives in relation to a particular idea ~ex. please rate intro psych courseeasy ------ ------ ------- ------- ----- ------- ------ hard -there are typically 7 point scale with adjectives placed at each end -originally used to measure objects: semantic space of experienceGeneral Considerations-be careful with ambiguity of language~ex. what does “the last few years” mean -avoid double-barreled questions~ex. “should people be allowed to use their cell phones in the airport but not on the plane? (there are 2 questions being asked and thus answers could be hard to code) -avoid negative questions~ex. should Puerto Rico not become a state?~takes humans longer to process and is more prone to misinterpretation -consider whether you are setting up an overall response set~you don’t want P’s to be able to answer yes to all of the questions or they will not read them as well~can accomplish this by having some questions scored in reverse: Do you feel relaxed before a speech? Do you get anxious before a speech?-some people are only comfortable answering certain things so ask only what you need to know~ex. may not tell you their exact salary but will tell you the range -consider the order; there are certain order effects that need to be taken into consideration -establish context ~reduced ambiguity~can help ask questions whose answers might go against what’s accepted in societyex. “all parents become angry with their children from time to time, what do you do when angry?”*pretest all surveys*-helps you find ambiguity, confusion, and if things worded incorrectly Special Techniques for Reactive Questions-sometimes reactive or embarrassing questions are hard to get truthful answers or to (or are hard to determine if people are being truthful) -can counter this by using the “random response method” have P’s flip a coin and if they get heads they answer ‘yes’ and if they get tails they answer truthfully Methods of Administering a SurveyFace-to-Face Interviews+ able to achieve a better idea of the psychological set from which the person is answering the questions+ can probe for additional information+ demographic information can be recorded (gender, race, etc.) without needing to ask + higher completion rates and more complete information - expensive in terms of time and personnel - interviewer can bias results (consciously or unconsciously) - may not feel comfortable answering certain things in person- race, gender, clothing, etc. of interviewer can bias results Verbal Report as Data: Can We Tell More Than We Know-seek situations in which it can be assumed that survey responses will give a useful description of a person’s attitudes, views and behaviors -disconnects the attitude from behavior and places and places an emphasis on attitudes in themselves -sometimes over whether we can actually know certain things about ourselves-research suggests that we have multiple response systems and that self-report data cannot be expected to give a single, consistent picture across all of these; but when you tap the right channel people can tell you more than they know -also found that people may not be able to use introspection to describe their cognitive processes accurately and may not know why they do certain things or what stimuli influence them Telephone Interviews~many survey results in the newspapers come from telephone surveys + help us to measure changing attitudes in response to particular events ~can establish rapport, determine motivation, and clarify questions & responses while still being more cost effective than face to face interviewers + if one person denies a phone interview they can move to the next number instead of having to walk away to the next apartment- telephone interviews used to be skeptical because only people with higher socioeconomic status owned one, now that is not as much the case ~today