Anatomy Physiology II Lab Study Guide for Exam 2 Lab 4 Lymphatics Homeostasis Blood Typing The Lymphatic System o Consists of Lymphatic vessels organs tissues and lymph o Three primary responsibilities 1 Collects and returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood stream 2 Transports dietary lipids and lipid soluble vitamins 3 Serves as a site of immune function houses phagocytic cells and lymphocytes Interstitial Fluid Accumulation o A drop in osmotic oncotic pressure or an increase in hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid from the vasculature into the tissues o Lymphatic capillaries ALWAYS carry lymph toward the heart Lymphatic Capillaries Lymphatic Vessels pass through lymph nodes Lymphatic Trunks Lymphatic Ducts Lymphatic Capillaries o Highly permeable for two reasons 1 Endothelial cells are not tightly bound allowing fluid to leak in 2 Collagen anchors the lymphatic capillaries to the surrounding tissue allowing any increase in interstitial fluid to open these valves Interstitial Fluid Opening to lymphatic capillary Tissue Cell Anchoring Filament Endothelium of lymphatic capillary Lymph encapsulated bean shaped organs containing T and B Lymphatic capillaries vessels pass through Nodes o Nodes cells nodes trunks ducts o Flow of lymph Lymphatic Ducts o Left Thoracic Lymphatic Duct 1 Drains lymph from the legs abdomen left arm left thorax neck and head 2 Drains into the left jugular subclavian vein To be specific Empties into junction of left internal jugular and left subclavian veins o Right Lymphatic Duct 1 Drains lymph from the right arm right thorax neck and head 2 Drains into the right jugular subclavian vein To be specific Empties at junction of right internal jugular and right subclavian veins Receives lymph from lower body Lymphatic Organs o Primary Red bone marrow and thymus Contain stem cells o Secondary Nodes spleen nodules Site of defense against invading agents and cancer cells Groups of nodules include Peyer s patches Lymphoid follicles in the appendix Five tonsils Bronchial nodules G H I A B D C E F KEY A Axillary node B Thoracic node C Spleen D Peyer s Patches E Iliac node F Inguinal node G Thymus H Appendix I red bone marrow KEY A One pharyngeal tonsil B Palatine tonsil C Lingual tonsil 2 palatine 2 lingual 1 pharyngeal Note picture above is sagittal plane view A B A B C C D E F G H KEY For muscular picture on previous page A Inguinal ligament B Femoral artery C Sartorius D Lymph nodes E Vastus lateralis F Lymphatic vessels G Rectus femoris H Great saphenous vein Lacteal brings fat and fat soluble vitamins from intestines into vasculature END OF LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Blood and Blood Typing Blood Functions support Components of Blood 1 Transportation O2 CO 2 nutrients and hormones 2 Protection clots prevents against blood loss WBC and blood proteins for disease prevention 3 Regulation pH body temperature fluid volume immune Formed Elements 45 1 1 RBCs erythrocytes 99 2 WBCs leukocytes 3 Platelets thrombocytes o Platelets Plasma 55 The fluid portion of blood and is about 91 water Remainder consists of proteins such as albumins produced by liver and make up a majority of plasma proteins globulins made by plasma cells and second largest amount of plasma proteins and fibrinogen a clotting protein Plasma also contains electrolytes Na K Cl nutrients hormones and wastes Formed in red marrow from megakaryocytes Form plug to stop bleeding essential for clotting o RBCs Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis blood formation Erythropoiesis formation of RBCs Hematocrit of total blood volume occupied by RBCs Normal ranges 38 46 for women 40 54 for men Hematocrit can test for anemia low and polycythemia high Hemoglobin O2 carrying protein gives RBCs their color Reticulocyte the last immature form of RBC enters circulation then eventually matures to a RBC o WBCs leukocytes Leukocytosis high WBC count 10 000 cells L Normal homeostatic response to stress i e infection Overproduction of abnormal leukocytes are found in Leukopenia abnormally low WBCs can be induced by exercise Leukemia drugs recent infection WBCs Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Mnemonic for leukocytes in order from most abundant to least abundant Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils A B C D E F G KEY A Red Blood Cell B Monocyte C Lymphocyte D Neutrophil E Platelet F Eosinophil G Basophil Hemostasis o A series of reactions resulting in the stoppage of bleeding after a break in a blood vessel wall 1 Vascular spasm vasoconstriction to stop blood loss 2 Platelet plug formation aggregation of platelets from plug in damaged vessel also releases substances that increase aggregation further positive feedback 3 Coagulation blood clots to reinforce the platelet plug with fibrin threads that serve to glue the platelets together Blood is now a gel like substance Blood Typing END OF BLOOD AND BLOOD TYPING Lab 5 Integumentary System Integumentary System o Consists of skin and its accessory structures which include Sebaceous glands oil Sudoriferous glands sweat Hair Nails Sensory receptors receptors that respond to light touch are found closer to the epidermis receptors that respond to pressure are closer to dermis o Functions include Protection Body temperature regulation through blood flow and sweat Vitamin D production Sensory information about surrounding environment Excretion and absorption Structures of the Skin o Skin has 2 layers Epidermis superficial epithelial tissue avascular Dermis deep connective tissue vascular o Subcutaneous SubQ not an actual layer of integument but a structure anchoring the integument to underlying bone muscle Hypodermis beneath dermis but not part of skin The Epidermis o Composed of keratinized epithelium which contains four major types of cells 1 Keratinocytes protection 2 Melanocytes 90 of the cells main epidermal cell Produce keratin a tough fibrous protein that provides Produce the pigment melanin gives color that protects against damage by ultraviolet radiation 3 Langerhans Cells Macrophages that originated in the red bone marrow They are involved in the immune responses 4 Merkel Cells Detect touch sensations o Layers of the Epidermis Thin Skin hairy Thick Skin hairless Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Thin Stratum Corneum Stratum Lucidum unique to thick skin Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Thick Stratum Corneum Thick skin is found in areas where exposure to friction is greatest such as fingertips
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