Unit 4 BIOL 240Heart - Function: pump—propel blood through body - Double-circuit system o 2 pumps (left side/right side) o Systemic circuit: blood goes to most of tissues of bodyo Pulmonary circuit: blood goes to lungs - Chambers o 2 atria: small superior o Ventricles: inferior largeExternal Heart Anatomy (21.5)- Atria (R/L)- Ventricle (R/L)- Apex - Interventricle sulcus (anterior/posterior)- Vena Cava (inferior/superior)- Pulmonary trunk - Aorta - Pulmonary veins - Coronary sinus - Pericardium—parietal &visceral Internal Heart Anatomy (21.7) (21.9)- Interventricular septum - Valves o Atrioventricular (AV) Right: tricuspid Left bicuspid—mitral o Semilunars Right: pulmonary valve Left: aortic valve o Valve function: keep blood flowing one way, pressure operatedo Valve order (21.11) AV valves open, atria contracting—semilunars closed, all closed Ventricles contract, closes AVs, opens semilunars Heart relaxes, all valves closeo Papillary muscles o Chordae tendineae—threads, valve to heart wall- Layers of Heart Wall (21.3) o Visceral pericardium (epicardium): outer layero Myocardium: cardiac muscle tissueo Endocardium: inner layer, connective tissue, epithelial layer - “Skeleton” of Heart: support valves - Control System—conducting system (21.12): modified muscle cells o SA node (sinoatrial): natural pacemaker Causes both atria to contract o AV node (atrioventricular)o AV bundle (bundle of his) o Purkinje Fibers: spread out over ventricles Blood Vessels - Layers of wall (22.1) o Tunica externa: adventitia, outer tough connective tissue o Tunica media: media, middle elastic connective tissue and smooth muscle o Tunica intima/interna: thin layer of connective tissue and epithelial lining o Capillaries: single layer=intima Path of Blood through Body (22.2)- Hearto Arteries Aorta Elastic (large) arteries: media—lots of elastic tissue Muscular (medium and small) arteries: media—mostly smooth muscle Arterioles: smallest arteries o Veins: thin walls, less muscle, less elastic tissue, pressure low—partially collapsed Venules Small & medium veins Large veins Superior &inferior vena cava o Heart (pulmonary pressure lower) o Pulmonary arteries (deoxygenated) o Lungs- capillaries o Pulmonary veins (oxygenated) o Heart (pulmonary pressure lower)- Capillaries (22.4): smallest vesselso Function: where exchange occurs o Size: so small that red blood cells barely fit through - Arteries: o Higher pressure o Thicker walls o Circular in cross section - Veins o Low pressure o Thin wallso Oval in cross section o Large veins have valves Respiratory System (24.1, 24.4) - Function: gas exchange—getting oxygen in and carbon dioxide out, breathe- Parts (following air path)o Nares/nostrils (external) o Nasal cavity o Internal nares o Nasopharynx (pharynx)o Oropharynx (pharynx)o Laryngyopharynx o Larynx o Trachea o Bronchi (bronchus)—pair split from bronchus o Lungs - Nasal Region (24.4)o Nose o Nasal septum o Turbinates = conchae o Olfactory membrane o Openings for: Auditory tube Sinuses Lacrimal sac o Paranasal Air Sinuses Maxillary Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid Temporal = mastoid air cells o Inward from nasal cavity: Internal nares—nasopharynx—oropharynx—laryngopharynx—larynx - Larynx (24.7)o Vocal cords Stretching and relaxing (change pitch—higher (stretch), lower (relax)) Holding breath ( closing glottis) - Trachea (24.9) - Bronchi (singular: bronchus): o Primary:1st branch off trachea o Secondary: 2nd branch off trachea (2 left, 3 on right)o Tertiary: (24.13) Bronchioles, alveoli (gas exchange occurs) & capillaries - Lung Structure (24.12, 24.10, 21.2)o Apexo Base o Medial = mediastinal & costal surface o Parietal (outer) & visceral (inner) pleura o Lobes & fissures Right - fissures: horizontal & oblique - lobes: superior, middle, inferior Left- Fissure: oblique - Lobes: superior and inferior - Breathing Mechanism o Quiet: breathing at rest Diaphragm: inflates lungs - Inspiration (inhaling): when diaphragm contracts--active - Expiration (exhale): diaphragm relaxes—passive - Lunch contracts due to elasticity o Forceful Diaphragm and ribs Raise and lower ribs Inspiration: diaphragm + external intercostals --active Expiration: internal intercostals --active ………………………………..Swallowing (25.8)- Rapid pharyngeal phase - Slow esophageal phase Esophagus (25.1): transport only Stomach (25.10, 25.11)- Cardiac orifice: opening from esophagus - Fundus - Body - Pyloric region - Pyloric orifice and sphincter - Greater and lesser curvature - Greater and lesser omentum - Functions:o Storage ( allows to eat full meals) o Mixing and liquefying food material ( thick walls-smooth muscle) o Chemical breakdown of proteinsSmall Intestine (25.14) (smaller diameter) - Duodenum: o Absorption: food molecules moved into blood- Jejunum 8’- ileum 12’- lining (25.15)o villi Large Intestine—Colon (25.1)- ileocecal calve - cecum- pouch - vermiform appendix: (immune system)- ascending colon- transverse colon - descending colon - sigmoid colon - haustra (haustrum): pouches formed in large intestine - rectum- anus - Function: absorb water Digestive glands (25.20, 25.22) - Salivary glands- 3 pair - Liver: partially digestive chemicals and partly wastes (remove toxins and waste from blood,modify food molecules—storage) o Gall bladder o Common bile duct - Pancreas o Pancreatic duct Hepatic Portal System (22.16) (portal system—capillaries—veins—capillaries) - Superior and inferior mesenteric portal veins (22.22)- Gastic portal veins - Hepatic portal vein - Hepatic vein Urinary (renal) System - Functions: o Remove waste products from blood (urea) o Regulate the concentration of body fluids (excrete ions/excrete water)- Main components o Kidneys-pair o Ureters-pairo Urinary bladder-single o Urethra-single - Kidney structure (26.3)o Capsule o Cortex-granular o Hilus (hilum)o Medulla Pyramids-fibrous Papilla Renal columns Renal lobe Renal calyx (calyces) - Minor-each papilla- Major-2 or more minors merge Renal pelvis o Blood vessels (26.4) Renal artery & vein Interlobar arteries and veins Arcuate arteries and veins Interlobar arteries and veins o Nephrons (filter the blood—make urine) Renal corpuscle-cortex - Granular Collecting ducts-pyramids - Fibrous - Ureters: o waves of contractions push
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