VERTEBRAL COLUMN I.Series of vertebraeRegionscervical- neck regionthoracic- chest or upper back regionlumbar- abdominal or lower back regionsacral- pelvic region (coccyx)- tailbone Functions1. Support the Upper body- centrum and intervertebral disks 2. Protect the spinal cord weight support and protect spinal cordweight  vertebral bodiesprotect cord  vertebral archesdiscs  flexibilityParts of a vertebra (6.21) bodyarchpedicle- sidewalls of the arch lamina- roof of the arch spinous process- sticks out the back transverse process- stick out to the sidessuperior & inferior articular processes- 4 of them vertebral foramenintervertebral foramenintervertebral disc- shock absorber, carry most of the weight articulations- discs and articular processes- constrain movement Cervical Region 6.23First two special:C-1 = atlas- holds up head, has no body movement- flex and extension of the skull C-2 = axis- dens- sticks up from the body- pivot for atlas movement- C-3 to C-7partsspecial feature: transverse foramenC-7 has the biggest spinous process- bulge at the back of the neck Thoracic Region 6.24T-1 to T-12Ribs - head of each rib articulates with two vertebra articulations, articular facet- 2 on each side of the body and 1 on the transverse processmobility- some flexion and extension and some rotationT-12 appearance- looks like a lumbar vertebra VERTEBRAL COLUMN pg. 2Lumbar RegionL1-L5general appearance- appear heavier, robust mobility- allow flexion and extension, not rotation Sacral Region S-1 to S-5 6.29 auricular surface, tuberosityala (lateral mass), pelvic & sacral foramen articular processsacral canalbaseapexCoccyx- series of 3-5 vestigial vertebrae (tailbone) Curves of Vertebral Column 6.20 primary(T,S)- have at birth secondary (C,L)- END OF MATERIAL ON EXAM 2Test Breakdown:Pectoral Muscles + humerus - 9%Forearm-20%Hand bone and muslces- 8%Arteries, Veins, Nerves Upper limb- 9%Hip Bones and Pelvic Muscles-12%Thigh, knee, tibia, fibula bone- 8%Leg muscles - 8%Foot bone and muscle-6%Art. Vein, Nerve- 8%Vertebral Column- 12%66 Questions- mostly come from diagrams MUSCLES OF VERTEBRAL COLUMNAxial muscles- act on the axial skeleton includes: vertebral column, skull and ribs Descriptive terms capitis- inserts on the skull cervicis- inserts on the neck vertebrae thoracis- inserts on thoracic vertebrae or ribslumborum- inserts on lumbar vertebrae“groups of groups”Posterior: 2 main groups 10.10Erector spinae gp.iliocostalis (ilium +sacrum to ribs)- has different names in different regions, most lateral and superficial of the groupslongissimus- sacrum to transverse processes of more superior vertebrae in the base of theskull spinalis(spinous processes of vertebrae)- most medial group origin: lower vertebrae inserts: higher vertebrae Deep (transversospinalis or oblique) groupsemispinalis-transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae to the spinous processes of cervical vertebrae and skullmultifidus(deep and medial to semispinalis)-sacrum and transverse processes of lower vertebrae to spinous processes of higher vertebrae Actionserector spinae- right and left contract: extend vertebral column only one side contract: lateral flexiontransversospinalis- right and left contract: extend vertebral column only one side contract: rotation to that sidelongissimus & semispinalis- extend and rotate the head and neck Neck MusclesPosteriornuchal ligament (ligamentum nuchae)- elastic and acts like a spring to support part of the weight of the head splenius- origin:cervical vertebrae insertions: mastoid process of the skull action: both sides contract: extend the skull + neck only one side contracts: rotation + tilt to one sideLateralsternocleidomastoid (10.4)- origin:sternum and clavicle inserts: mastoid process action: both contract: pull your head forward one contracts: extends the neck and rotates it to the op-posite sidescalenes (anterior, middle, posterior)(10.10d)- origin: transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae inserts: first two ribs action: elevating ribs and lateral flexion of the