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UPPER EXTREMITIES, I.PECTORAL REGION= ShoulderPectoral girdle (skeleton)(7.1)- anchor for the upper limb; more mobility because it is attachedby muscles to the rest of the skeletonclavicle- collar bone- wider end articulates with the scapula (acromial end) and the flat end articulates with the sternum (sternal end) scapula- shoulder blade (7.5)- medial, lateral, & superior border- medial border is towards the vertebrae acromion, coracoid process- the structure that the clavicle articulates withglenoid cavity- spine- prominent ridge infraspinous, supraspinous, subscapular fossae- infraspin. is the the big depression aand supra spin is the smaller one on top sub scapular ison the other side inferior & superior anglesshoulder movementsMuscles (general properties)Skeletal System- organs of muscular system all voluntary movements lever system- muscle and bones work together articulation acts as fulcrum, bone=lever and muscle=forceforce and movement- muscles can only pull they shorten they can’t pushorigin/insertion- attachments or anchors origin(anchor) is the end that doesn't move and insertion is the end that moves when the muscle contracts action- how it moves the body part synergistic/antagonistic- ant. are required to have reversible movement Movements at shoulderadduction/abduction- when the scapula moves medial and abduction moves laterally flexion/extensionprotraction/retraction- protraction- move shoulder joint anterior retraction move shoulderjoint posteriorrotation up/down- rotate the scapula so that the glenoid cavity is up the rotation is up andvice versaelevation/ depression- elevation raise “shrug shoulder” depress-lowerARMFlex- anteriorExtend- posteriorAdduct- medial Abduct- lateral PECTORAL MUSCLESA. axial skeleton to girdle- vertebrae column and ribs trapezius (11.3)- insertion clavicle and spine scapula origin upper vertebrae action retraction of the scapula the upper part elevates thescapula and the lower part rotates the scapula up middle part retractslevator scapulae- action elevates the scapula origin is on the cervical vertebrae and the insertion is on the medial border of the scapula rhomboidius major & minor- origin is the cervical and thoracic vertebrae and the insertion is the medial border of the scapula; action isadduction and downward rotation of the scapula serratus anterior- origin on the ribs insertion on the medial border of the scapula action is protraction of the scapula and upward rotationof the scapula pectoralis minor- origin is on the ribs insertion is on the coracoid process action depressing and protraction the scapula UPPER EXTREMITIES, pg. 2ARM (Upper Arm) REGIONHumerus (7.6) brachial is the latin term for upper arm head- large round knob covered in articular cartilage greater & lesser tubercle- greater tubercle is more lateral and the lesser tubercle is more anterior intertubercular groove- called sulcus in the bookanatomical neck- right below the head, closest to the headsurgical neck- where the bone starts to narrow more distal than the anatomical neckdeltoid tuberosity- roughened area on the bone where the deltoid inserts trochlea, capitulum- part of the elbow joint trochlea=pulley, articulates with the ulna capitulum means little head articulates with the radiuscoronoid fossa olecranon fossalateral & medial epicondylesPECTORAL MUSCLES (continued)B. axial skeleton to humerus (11.6)pectoralis major- insertion is on upper anterior humerus Action is flex, adduct, medially rotate humerus clavicular head- origin on the clavicle sternal heads- origin on the sternum and some ribs latissimus dorsi- origin is the lower half of the vertebral column insertion is inter tubercular groove(humerus) action is to extend, adduct, medial rotate humerusC. pectoral girdle to humerusteres major- origin on the inferior angle of the scapula insertion on the intertubercular groove action: extends, medial rotate humerus pectoral guardian or rotator cuff musclessubscapularis- anterior; origin: subscapular fossa insertion: lesser tubercle humerus action:medial rotation supraspinatus- superior;origin: superspinous fossa insertion: greater tubercle action:abduction of humerus infraspinatus- posterior; origin: infraspinous fossa insertion:greater tubercle action: lateral rotation teres minor- posterior; origin:lateral border of the scapula insertion: greater tubercle action: lateral rotation deltoidius (“deltoid”)(11.6)- Origin: is in the clavicle and the acromion and spine of the scapula insertion: deltoid tuberosity action: abduct arm;front-flex medial rotation back- extends, lateralrotation coracobrachialis (11.4)- origin: coracoid process of the scapula insertion: medial humerus action: adduct and flex the arm UPPER EXTREMITIES, pg. 3FOREARM REGIONUlna (7.7)- olecranon- elbow coronoid processtrochlear notch- radial notch- head- distal end styloid process- point on the distal endRadius- on the thumb side head neckradial tuberosity styloid processulnar notch- ulnar notch Elbow ArticulationHumero-ulnar joint- hinge Humero-radial joint- ball and socket Superior radio-ulnar joint- between the head of the radius and notch of the ulna gliding jointDistal ArticulationsInferior radio-ulnar joint- head of the ulna and the notch of the radius; most of the rotating action of the forearm Wrist articulationradiocarpal and intercarpal jointsMuscles that move Elbow = ForearmBiceps brachii(11.8)- origin: coracoid process scapula and top of the glenoid fossa scapula insertion: radial tuberosity action: flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm also can flex the armlong head short headsBrachialis (11.8)- origin: front distal humerus insertion: proximal ulna and coronoid process action: flex the forearm Triceps brachii (11.9)- insertion: olecranon process action: extends the forearm long, lateral & medial heads- origins lateral: lateral and posterior humerus medial: inferior and deep to the lateral head posterior humerus long: glenoid of the scapulaPronation and Supination- rotation of the forearm supination- anatomical position forearm is supinated; palm is up; anatomical position palm isanterior pronation- palm is face down on a table; anatomical position palm is posterior Forearm MusclesPronators & supinators (11.8-9) supinator- origin: lateral epicondyle of humerus insertion: anterior proximal radius action: supinate the forearm pronator teres- origin: medial epicondyle insertion:


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KU BIOL 240 - UPPER EXTREMITIES

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