Unit 1 Structure ListYou will need to learn the structures identified in this hand out. You will need to be able to identify these structures. Your knowledge and understanding of these features will facilitate yourlearning in lecture. I will discuss these structures as they pertain to specific functions, but will not go over each structure in lecture.You will be tested over your ability to identify these structures.The reason for learning the features of the bones is that they are significant sites of articulation and muscle or ligament attachment.These structures correspond to those in Grine’s Regional Human Anatomy unless otherwise noted. Even if you are not in lab, you might find it useful to get a copy of the human anatomy coloring book or Grine’s if you don’t already have one. Your text book will cover most of these structures, the atlas that came with the text (if you got it) will also cover a number of these structures. Alternatively, I’m sure you can find illustrations online or can make your own.Primary Division of Skeleton Axial skeleton: ribs, sternum—thoratic cage, vertebral column and craniumAppendicular skeleton: bones of upper and lower limbs Pectoral girdle: clavical and scapulaPelvic girdle: hip and sacrumCommon Osteological Terms (lab students: you will not be tested on these in lab, but they are fair game for lecture)Articulations- Condyles: a rounded knob (occipital condyles)- Facet: a smooth, relatively flat articular surface (articular facets of vertebrae)- Head: the prominent articular end of a bone (head of femur)Extensions and Projections- Crest: narrow ridge (iliac crest)- Epicondyle: projection superior to a condyle (medial and lateral epicondyles of femur)- Line: slightly raised, elongate ridge (nuchal lines of the skull)- Process: any bony prominence (mastoid process) projection, point that comes off of it- Protuberance: a bony outgrowth or protruding part, but less so than a process (mental protuberance of chin)- Spine: sharp, slender, narrow process (scapular spine)- Trochanter: Two massive processes unique to the femur- Tubercle: Small rounded process (greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus)- Tuberosity: a roughened surface (tibial tuberosity)Depressions- Alveolus: a pit or socket (e.g. for teeth)- Fossa: a shallow, broad, or elongate basin (infraspinous fossa)- Fovea: a small pit (fovea capitus of the femur)- Sulcus: a groove for a tendon, nerve or blood vessel (intertubercular sulcus of the humerus)Passages and Cavities- Canal: tubular passage or tunnel in a bone (lacrimal canal)- Fissure: a slit through a bone (superior orbital fissure)- Foramen: a hole through a bone (foramen magnum)- Meatus: opening into a canal (acoustic meatus)- Sinus: air-filled space in bone (frontal sinus)Synovial joints: most common joint throughout bodyArticular cartilage: layer of hyaline cartilage covering surface of bones, provides for smooth movementsJoint capsule: has the inner synovial membrane and outer fibrous membrane and retains the fluid. Also binds joint to boneCapsular ligament: also known as the fibrous layer [synovial membrane and fibrous membrane make up joint capsule]Synovial membrane: encloses the articular cavity. It lubricates the cavity and the articulating surfaces with Synovial fluid.Bursa: closed sacs of synovial fluid that reduce the friction between skin/bone, tendon/bone, and othersTendon sheath: cylinder surrounding tendons and reduce frictionArticular disc: absorb compression forces, adjust to changes in joint movement, + increase joint movementVertebral Column (71)Body (common to all vertebrae except the _atlas!!!!_____): weight bearing part of the vertebraePedicles: bony pillars that attach the vertebral body to the archesLamina: flat sheets of bone that extend from pedicle to form the roof of the vertebral archNeural Arch- pedicle and lamina forms the arch Vertebral Foramen: triangular space in vertebrae (made by neural arch and posterior part of archVertebral Canal: where spinal cord goes throughTransverse Process: extends on the sides to form the arch.Spinous Process: junction of two laminae. Projects posteriorly. Superior Articular Process: connects with inferior of next vertebraeInferior Articular Process: connects with superior of next vertebraeIntervertebral disc: in betweeneach vertebrae. Helps lessenshock and compression. 25%height/ none b/w C1 and C2 andnone below SINucleus Pulposus: gelatinous core of discAnnulosus Fibrosus: fibrous connective tissue surrounding discsIntravertebral Foramen: formed on the sides of the vertebrae by the superior vertebrae arch and the inferior vertebral arch of stacked vertebrae.Spinal Nerve: 31 spinal nerves emerge from the spinalcord. Pass through intervertebral foramenCervical Vertebrae (know how many there are, and how torecognize them) 7 Cervical Vertebrae---known by bifid spinous process and foramen transversium----NO intertebral disc between C1 and C2 *LOOK AT HANDOUT FOR PICTURES*Atlas (C1): lacks vertebral body and fits together with the axis. Up and down head motion.Axis (C2): has the dens and this fits into the atlas by a strong transverse ligament. Side to Side head motionForamen transversarium (transverse foramen/foramina): when the transverse process has little holes on each sideThoracic vertebrae (know how many there are, and how torecognize them): 12 Thoracic Vertebrae. Characterized by their articulation with the ribs. Also the vertebral body is heart shaped and vertebral foramen is circularCostal facets: (located on transverse processes) used for articulation with the tubercle of the ribLumbar Vertebrae (know how many there are, and how to recognize them): 5 Lumbar Vertebrae. Large in size, don’t have rib facets, long thin transverse processes. LV connects with pelvic bones so it has big transverse processesSacral Vertebrae (know how many there are, and how to recognize them):5 sacral vertebrae. Fused together (fuse at 16 yrs, completely fused at 25). *LOOK AT HANDOUT HE GAVE US!*Sacral Foramina: posterior surface of sacrum has 4 pairs of foramina. Also anterior surface also has 4 pairs as well.Sacral Canal: continuation of the vertebral canal. Spinal nerve exits here!Lateral Mass: fusion of transverse processesSacroilliac Joint: SI joint…joins together the pelvis andthe sacrum. Joined together by strong ligaments.Auricular Surface: ilium and sacrum--- the surfaces that meet (roughened)Os Coxae: hip bone---on the left and right of the sacrum/coccyx. All