LOWER EXTREMITIESPelvic girdle (bony pelvis)- anchor for the upper limb Pelvis(7.11)=basin or bowlinnominate bones = os coxae (coxal bones) = hip bones+Saccrum parts (start as 3 separate bones) 7.10a ilium- the top part 4 spines ischium- in front of the acetabulumpubis- behind the acetabulum acetabulum- hip socket where all three bones come together ilium: iliac spines, iliac crest, iliac fossa, auricular surface(7.10b),tuberosity, sciatic notches- nerve goes through it ischium: ischial tuberosity-what you sit on, ischial spine, ramus pubis: superior pubic ramus, inferior pubic ramus, pubic symphysis,obturator foramen- big whole greater (false) pelvis-outside, lesser (true) pelvis-inside, inlet-inside opening, outlet-external opening (7.12)articulation with femur- acetabulum articulates with the head of the femur Femur anatomy(7.14a) head linea aspera-line that runs down the shaftfovea patellar surfaceneck popliteal surface-inside of your kneegreater & lesser trochanter intercondylar notch (=i. fossa)lateral & medial epicondyleslateral & medial condyles Pelvic musclesAction:hip, thigh, femur all the same thinganterior, deep (iliopsoas gp.): 11.13iliacus- origin:illiac fossa insertion:lesser trochanter of the femur action:flex the hip psoas major- origin: lower vertebrae insertion:lesser trochanter of the femur action:flexes the thigh or can flex the lower vertebral column posterior, lateral: gluteus group- large, superficial gluteus maximus (11.16)- origin:posterior and superior ilium and sacrum insertion: posterior femur and iliotibial tract (helps to stabilize the knee, it band) action: force-ful extension and lateral rotation of femurtensor fascia latae- origin: anterior superior iliac spine insertion: iliotibial tract action:medial rotation of the hip and extension of the knee, lateral rotation of theknee gluteus medius- origin: lateral ilium insert: greater trochanter of the femur action: powerful abducters of the thigh, medial rotation of the thigh (minor)gluteus minimus- same as above but this muscle is deeperLOWER EXTREMITES pg. 2Pelvic Muscles (cont.)lateral rotators (deep)- small action for all:lateral rotation of the hip all insert:on or near the greater trochanter all except piriformis origin: ischium piriformis-most superior origin:sacrum gemellus superior obturator internus gemellus inferiorobturator externus quadratus femoris Thigh muscles — “compartments”Medial compartment- on the thigh adductors- all origin: anterior pubis all insert:posterior femur on or near the linea aspera action: all can adduct or flex the thighadductor longusadductor magnus- upper part can flex the knee and lower part can extend the hip adductor brevisgracilis- inserts: tibia origin:pubis action: adductor or medial rotator of the thigh or flexor of the tibia pectineus: same of the adductorslocation: medial compartment- adductor compartment Anterior (extensor) compartmentquadriceps femoris group (11.15):means four heads merge together at insertion tendonvastus lateralis- origin: shaft of the femur insert: patella and ligamentvastus intermedius-origin:shaft of the femur insert: patella and ligamentvastus medialis-origin: shaft of the femur insert:patella and ligamentrectus femoris-origin: anterior inferior illiac spine insert:patella ligament to the tibia action: can also flex the thighlocation- anterior thighaction- extend the leg/kneepatellar tendon- quadriceps tendonpatellar ligament- runs from the patella to the tibial tuberosity sartorius- origin: anterior superior illiac spine inserts: medial tibia action: flex leg, flex +laterally rotate thigh (allows you to cross your legs)Posterior (flexor) compartment (11.17) "Hamstring muscles"biceps femoris- origin: ishcial tuberosity posterior femur insert:fibula and lateral tibia action: flex leg extend thigh (laterally rotate thigh) semimembranosus(medial) - origin: ischial tuberosity insert: medial tibia action: flex legextend hip (medial rotation) semitendonosus (superficial)- Terminologythigh-from hip to knee (femur), leg-from knee to the ankle (tibia and fibula)LOWER EXTREMITES pg. 3Tibia anatomy- carries most of the load (7.16)condyles, lat. & med.- proximal end tuberosityarticular surface (facet) anterior crest or margin- sharp part of shinsoleal (popliteal) line medial malleolusinferior tibiofibular jointintercondylar eminenceFibula anatomy- smallerheadnecklateral malleolusKnee articulation (8.1 and 8.16,17)articular cartilage superior fibrous tibiofibula joint- close to the knee jointcruciate ligaments-means crossing (acl) semilunar cartilage (meniscus, lat. & med.)bursar-little green thing (acts as a cushion, contains synovial fluid) patellapatellar surface popliteal surfacefemur condyles (lat., med.) tibia condyles (lat., med.)Patella- formation: sesamoid bone, membranous bone formation Function: protect the tendonacross the front of the kneeMovements at ankleeversion/inversion- ev: sole of the foot laterally,in: sole moves medially dorsiflexion/plantarflexion- dors: toes and the top of the foot up(extension) plant: toes and sole of the foot down (flexion)Hallux=big toe, pollex=thumbPlantar= sole of the foot, inferior surface Leg: 4 muscle groups1. Anterior=extensor (dorsiflex)2. Lateral=Fibular-peroneal3.Superficial Flexors-posterior (plantar flexors)4. Deep Flexors-posterior (plantar flexors)Anterior grouptibialis anterior(11.20)-origin: lateral tibia insertion: first metatarsal action: extend (dorsiflex) and invert the footextensor digitorum longus- origin:anterior fibula inserts:phalanges of toes 2-5 action:extends toes 2-5extensor hallucis longus- origin: anterior fibula insertion:distal phalanx of the first toe action: extensor of the big toeLOWER EXTREMITIES pg. 4Leg muscles (cont.)Fibularis (or peroneus)(11.19)fibularis longus (peroneus longus)-origin:upper fibula inserts: 5th metatarsal action:evertand plantar flex the foot fibularis brevis (peroneus brevis)-origin:shaft of the fibula insertion: bottom of the first metatarsal action:evert and plantar flex the foot extensor retinacula (supr. & infr.-bands of connective tissue in the front of the ankle)-keeps the tendons tight in the front of the ankle and prevents bowstringingSuperficial flexorsgastrocnemius-origin: lateral,medial condyles of the femur, inserts: calcaneus tendon action:major plantar flexor of the foot (assist with flexing the leg) soleus- origin: posterior tibia and