Unit 3Vertebral Column Muscles - Axial Muscles: act on axial skeleton (vertebral column, skull, ribs)- Capitus: inserts on skull- Cervicis: inserts on neck (cervical vertebrae)- Thoracis: insert on thoracic vertebrae or ribs - Lumborum: inserts on lumbar vertebrae “Groups of groups” Erector Spinae Group (superficial) (10.10)- Iliocostalis (lateral)o Ilium and sacrum—ribs and transverse processes cervical vertebrae- Longissimus o Sacrum and transverse processes lumbar&thoracic—transverse process of more superior vertebrae and skull- Spinalis (most medial)o Lower vertebrae—higher vertebrae (spinous processes) Transversospinalis Group - Semispinalis o Transverse processes thoracic vertebrae—spinous process cervical vertebrae&skull- Multifiduso Sacrum and transverse processes of lower vertebrae—spinous processes of higher vertebrae Actions: Erector Spinae: right and left extend vertebral column, only one side—lateral flexion Transversospinalis: right and leftextend vertical column, only one side—rotation to that sideLongissimus and Semispinalis: to skull extend and rotate head and neckNeck Muscles Posterior: - Nuchal Ligament: runs down back of neck, elastic, acts like spring to support weight of head- Splenius: o Origin: cervical vertebrae o Insertion: mastoid process of skull o Action: both sides contracting extend skull, only one side contracts—rotation and tilting toward that sideLateral:- Sternocleidomastoid o Origin: Sternum, clavicle o Insertion: Mastoid processo Action: both--flex neck (pull forward), one—extends neck and rotate to oppositeside - Scalenes (10.10) (anterior) o Anterioro Middleo Posterior  Origin: transverse processes of cervical vertebrae Insertion: first two ribs  Actions: elevate ribs, lateral flexion of neck, both-flex Skull (6.2)2 Regions Face—front inferior- Mandible - Maxilla- Vomer- Lacrimal boneCranium (brain case)- Frontal - Parietal- Temporal - Occipital - Ethmoid- Sphenoid Sutures: Immovable joints Landmarks: (6.3)- Orbits- Nares: opening of nasal cavity - Septum: partition (plate separates nasal cavity)- Zygomatic Arch: temporal process—zygomatic process - Mandible: lower jaw - Ext. auditory canal: (acoustic meatus) - Foramen magnum: opening for spinal cord - Mastoid process: Face (6.3)- Zygomatic bone - Nasal bone- Maxilla - Mandible - Ethmoid - Sphenoid - Lacrimal - Frontal Brain Case (Cranium Proper) - Frontal bone - Right and left parietal - Occipital - Right and left temporal o (Squamous portion) Floor of Cranial Cavity (6.4)- Foramen magnum - Petrous portion (temporal)- Sphenoid o Greater/lesser wingso Sella turcica- pituitary gland location - Cribriform plate (of ethmoid) - Occipitla - Parietal - Frontal Inferior view - Occipital condyles- Hard palate - Zygomatic arch - Styloid process- Foramen magnum - Alveolar arch—where the teeth are (both mandible and maxilla) - External occipital protuberance - Stylomastoid foramen - Carotid canal - Jugular foramen - Temporal - Occipital - Palatine - Sphenoid - Zygomatic - Maxilla- Mastoid process Sutures - Coronal (separates frontal bone)- Sagittal (separates right and left parietal) - Lambdoidal (separates occipital bone)- Squamous = temporal (separates temporal) Mandible (6.14)- Body- Ramus - Angle - Condylar/Condyloid process - Coronoid - Neck/Mentum/Mental protuberance (chin) Muscles of Facial Expression (10.3a, 10.4)- Obicularis oculi: eyeo Action: close the eye- Obicularis oris: moutho Action: pursing lips, pucker - Levator labii superioris: o Action: raises/elevates upper lip - Depressor labii inferioris:o Action: pulls down (depresses) lower lip - Mentalis: o Action: elevates and protrudes the lower lip (pouting muscle)- Zygomaticus majoro Action: elevates corner of mouth - Zygomaticus minoro Action: elevates upper lip - Depressor anguli oriso Action: depresses corner of the mouth - Buccinator o Squeezes cheek against teeth - Fontalis (frontal belly occipito-frontalis) o Wrinkles forehead and raises eyebrows Muscles of Mastication-Chewing (10.6)- External to mandible o Temporalis  Origin: temporal bone Insertion: coronoid process mandible Action: elevate mandible o Masseter Origin: zygomatic arch  Insertion: ramus of mandible  Action: elevate mandible - Internal to Mandible (pterygoid process of sphenoid) o Medial pterygoid: Origin: sphenoid bone Insertion: medial side of ramus  Action: elevate jaw and move jaw laterallyo Lateral pterygoid: Origin: sphenoid bone  Insertion: neck of mandible  Action: protrude the jaw and move it sidewaysUpper Respiratory (24.1, 6.18)- Hyoid boneo Body, lesser horn, greater horn o No direct articulations o Main support for larynx - Larynx (voice box) (24.6)o Thyroid cartilage: big in fronto Cricoid cartilage: smaller wraps all the way around o Arytenoid cartilage: pair, pivot stretch and relax vocal cords - Tracheao Epiglottis: blocks air passage from food/drink o Tracheal cartilage: keeps trachea from collapsing in on itself Muscles of Hyoid and Larynx Suprahyoid Muscles (10.9)- Mylohyoid o Origin: mandible o Insertion: body of hyoid o Action: elevate hyoid and floor of the mouth, depressing mandible - Digastrico Anterior belly  Origin: mandible  Insertion: sling of hyoid bone Action: elevate larynx and depress jawo Posterior belly  Origin: mastoid process Insertion: sling of hyoid bone  Action: elevate larynx and depress jaw- Stylohyoid o Origin: styloid process skull o Insertion: lesser horn of hyoid o Action: elevate larynx Infrahyoid Muscles - Sternohyoid o Origin: sternumo Insertion: hyoid o Action: depress hyoid and larynx - Thyrohyoid (upper)o Origin: thyroid cartilage or larynx o Inertion: hyoid o Action: depress hyoid, elevate larynx - Sternothyroid (lower)o Origin: sternumo Insertion: thyroid cartilageo Action: depress larynx Arteries of Head and Neck (22.13, 22.14)Common Carotid Artery- R/L Differences: R—Brachiocephalic trunk - Split: external and internal carotid External Carotid Artery—outside skull- Facial: most of the face - Occipital: Lower lateral and posterior - Maxillary: upper part of face - Superficial temporal: upper lateral and superior Internal Carotid Artery - Carotid sinus: blood pressure and blood chemistry - Carotid canal of skull - Ophthalmic: orbit - Anterior, middle, posterior cerebral (Circle of Willis)—cerebral communicating arteries (posterior/anterior)Veins and Sinuses of Head Venous Sinuses (embedded in brain