Exam 1 03 07 2014 Ch 1 Themes and Theories Five Major Themes of Dev Psych Influence of nature AND nurture in development nature nurture debate one might have more influence over the other How does sociocultural context influence the development Is development continuous or discontinuous lipstick nose test kids who touch their nose when placed in front of a mirror pass rolling crawling pushing up walking strategies aren t continuous How do the various domains of development interact tall for your age older than you actually are more responsibilities What factors promote risk or resilience in development Historical Perspectives Concept of Childhood Medieval Times children were seen as little adults and treated a such no toys had adult pastimes gambling chess etc 16th Century attitude shift 1545 Thomas Phayre publishes first book on pediatrics invention of the printing press causes widespread distribution of infant and children care manuals first grammar schools established The Enlightenment slate mind John Locke Tabula Rasa which theorizes that everyone is born with a blank Jean Jacques Rousseau children are noble savages born with a propensity to act upon impulses but not know the consequences of their actions children should not be forced to learn important grown up info should put emphasis on their natural curiosity Both Locke and Rousseau stressed the importance of treating the child as developing and not in a static state of mind Charles Darwin and Wilhelm Preyer evolution of human beings Baby Biographies systematic study of the child G Stanley Hall founder of the field of developmental psychology hey look it s the course title questionnaire methods data on large groups of children Alfred Binet developed the first IQ test identifies patterns of mental capabilities in each child Theories of Development Behaviorism relies on principles of classical and operant conditioning Social Learning Theory theoretical approach emphasizing the importance of learning through observation and imitation of behavior modeled by others Cognitive Developmental Theory an emphasis on active construction of psychological structures to interpret experience Piaget was the founder of the CDT Piaget s Basic Principles of Cognitive Development These are key thought processes that lead to a sense of perspective Assimilation interpretation of new ideas experiences to fit existing schemes Accommodation changing existing schemes to fit new ideas experiences Assimilation and Accommodation create an equilibrium Adaptation interplay between accommodation and assimilation development Organization the tendency for structure and processes to become more systematic and coherent Stages of Development Scheme organized pattern of thought or behavior Information Processing Approaches Views humans as having a limited ability to process isnformation language acquisition peer relationships Erikson s Psychosocial Approach Focuses on emotions and personality significant roles for socialization and society common theme a search for identity Ecological Systems Brofenbrenner bioecological method of dev biological social and cultural systems including child s immediate System Approaches influenced by surroundings settings of microsystems variant systems historical events microsystem the immediate environment home school neighborhood mesosystem environment provided by interrelationships among various exosystem settings that indirectly affect the child by influencing the macrosystem broad values practices customs shared by a culture major chronosystem constantly changing temporal component of environment that can influence development Chronus Greek god of time chrono prefix for time chronosystem ever changing system Sociocultural Theory Vygotsky emphasizes the importance of cultural tools symbols ways of thinking that the child acquires from more knowledgeable members of the community Dynamic Systems Theory emphasizes development as the emerging organization arising from the interaction of many different processes e g stepping reflex Ethological Theory concerns with evolutionary origins of behavior and its adaptive and survival in animals also including humans Sensitive period a brief period in which specific kinds of experiences have significant positive or negative consequences for development and behavior Imprinting Chapter 2 Studying Child Development Methods of Collecting Data multiple methods of collecting data collection for studying developments however children do not have the same emotional and comprehensive capabilities as adults Seven different ways to study research Case Studies Freud Most common and widely used technique requires consent form and few activities for a child to do Naturalistic Observations Bowlby Watching children in natural habitat and making note of behaviors outside study center Structured observations Ainsworth watching children react in a controlled setting but otherwise letting them react on their own Cross cultural studies Ainsworth She Ainsworth wondered if parents indulged in the same behaviors in other countries and travelled elsewhere to find that they did not Correlational Studies Ainsworth connection between attachment of mother and child vs children who had no attachment to the mother didn t think it had a long term effect on children Longitudinal studies Straufe believed that the connection between mother and child at a young age did have a long lasting effect on children Experiments Research Designs Correlational Design systematic relationships among variables correlational studies measuring 2 characteristics of the participant s and see whether changes in one variable are accompanied by changes in the other you learn ed this in psych statistics positive correlation as a variable changes the other variable changes in the same direction the opposite direction negative correlation as a variable changes the other variable changes in Experimental Design changing the independent variable and observing its effects on the dependent variable Case Studies a study in the form of a narrative of the psychological workings of an individual Single Case Design follows one or a group of participants over a period of time Strategies for Assessing Developmental Change How do we know when kids are telling the truth Tawlar experiments children 7 10 rehearsed stories involving bullying to parents some lies some truth some were more detailed some less stories recorded and shown to other adults to see if