UO PSY 201 - Exam 3 Study Guide
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PSY Exam 3 Study GuideAttention-Attention: the process by which the mind chooses among the various external stimuli impinging on the senses, allowing only some of these stimuli to be passed along for further processing-Selective attention: focusing on one source of info while ignoring others1) Goal-directed selection (e.g., cocktail-party effect; selective listening-shadowing; “Posner task”/spatial cueing)2) Stimulus-driven capture/selection-Covert orienting: “no look” pass-Overt orienting: eye movement recordings when looking at pictures-Divided attention: dividing attention between two tasks (e.g., driving and talking)-Stroop interference effect: an example of perceptual skill that has become automatic (to the point of being obligatory) with practice  reading-Cell phones and driving: talking on cell phones while driving is as dangerous as driving while intoxicated due to inattention to the driving task-Treisman’s feature integration theory of attention: we automatically identify certain “primitive” features in the environment; feature (parallel) and conjunction (serial) visual searches; illusory conjunctions-Change blindness: notion that the representation of world is sparse (includes only those things that are attended)-Physiological basis of attentionenhancement of neural processing (e.g., attending to the face stimulus)Learning-Learning: a kind of adaptation to the environment, which occurs within the lifetime of anindividual; a set of processes through which sensory experience at one time affects an individual’s behavior at a future time-Behaviorism: an attempt to understand behavior as the relationship between observable stimuli and observable responses-Classical conditioning: learning predictable signals-Basic terms: UCS (unconditioned stimulus), UCR (unconditioned response), unconditioned reflex (UCSUCR), NS (neutral stimulus), CS (conditioned stimulus), CR (conditioned response), conditioned reflex (CSCR)-Paradigm: NS+UCSUCR; CSCR-Examples: Pavlov’s dogs, fear conditioning (little Albert), tolerance response anddrug addiction, food aversion-Temporal contiguity: CS must precede UCS by a very short time (1/2-1 sec)-Contingency (i.e., predictability): CS must reliably predict UCS’s occurrence-Extinction: disappearance of a CR to the CS when the UCS is withheld-Spontaneous recovery: extinguished CS again produces a CR-Stimulus generalization: occurs when stimuli similar but not identical to the CS produce the CR-Stimulus discrimination: animals learn to differentiate between two similar stimuli-Operant conditioning: learning about the consequences of behavior (RSchange in R)-Thorndyke puzzle boxes (1900)-Gambling-Clever Hans-Trial and error learning-Animals performing ticks-Law of Effect: the behavior of an organism is controlled by the effects (or consequences)it produces-Shaping: successively closer approximations to the desired response are reinforced until the response finally occurs-Partial reinforcement schedules: reward only some of the responses-Ratio (#): reinforcement after certain # of responses-Interval (time): reinforcement after certain # of seconds-Fixed: reinforcement after x amount-Variable: reinforcement after x amount, on average-Reinforcement: response/behavior increases-Punishment: response/behavior decreases-Positive: stimulus presented-Negative: stimulus removed-Cognitive process in learning: animals and humans develop an explicit mental model or representation of the relationship between events in the environment vs. develops unconscious robot-like reflexes-Cognitive maps: Tolman; rats learn an internal representation of a maze-Latent learning: learning not immediately demonstrated in behavior -Observational learning: monkey see, monkey do-Evolutionary selection for specialized abilities in learning: in Behaviorist theory, any R can be connected with any S-Instinctual drift: some rewards lead to a disruption of training-Food aversion: special learning mechanism to associate taste and smell of food inmammals with illness even when illness occurs hours after food eaten -Biological basis of learning: learning involves relatively permanent changes in the brain that results from exposure to environmental events-Associative learning in Hebbian: “cells that fire together wire together”-Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning: the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the “reward centers” of the brain (Pleasure centers, intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS))-Associative learning: e.g., conditioning (associate CS with UCS and R with a consequent S)-Representational/cognitive learning: e.g., cognitive maps-Observational learning: e.g., Bobo doll experiment-Symbolic learning: learning the meaning of arbitrary symbols, such as words-Skill learning: learning complex action sequences (e.g., playing piano, riding a bike)-Biologically based specialized learning abilities: e.g., bird song, human language, and food-aversionsMemory-Information processing model of memory: sensory memorySTM (short-term memory)LTM (long-term memory)-Sensory memory: trace of the sensory input is retained for a brief period; high capacity and very short duration-STM (“working memory”): attentive/conscious processing; small capacity and short duration-LTM: stored representation of knowledge gained from previous experience; unlimited capacity and indefinite duration-Control processes: manipulate information within or between stores-Encoding: movement of information from STM to LTM-Storage: maintaining information over time in LTM-Retrieval: movement of information from LTM to STM (remembering)-Kinds of memory/knowledge-Implicit/procedural: a learned skill of habitual response (e.g., riding a bike, conditioning); accessible through performance-Explicit/declarative: can be made explicit or “declared” in words (or with a picture)-Semantic: general knowledge of world (e.g., “bird” meaning)-Episodic: knowledge of specific past experience/events (place and time)-“Iconic memory”=visual sensory memory: how much we can see in a single glance-Sperling—partial report procedure: used to measure capacity (large) and duration (short <1 sec) of visual sensory memory-STM encoding into LTM:-Capacity of STM: ~7 items (+ or – 2 items)-Duration of STM: measured using a distractor task (starts to decay after ~3 sec and fades by 15-20 sec)-Primacy effect: recall more items from beginning of list-Recency effect: recall


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