PSY 201 1st Edition Lecture 10Outline of Last Lecture I. 3-D form and depth perceptiona. Perceptual constanciesII. Bottom-up and top-down processingOutline of Current Lecture I. Selective Attentiona. Stimulus-driven capture (reflexive)b. Goal-directed selection (voluntary)II. Divided AttentionIII. Attention and the perception of objectsa. Feature integration theoryb. Change blindnessIV. Physiological basis of attentionV. What is Learning?a. Types of learningVI. Classical ConditioningCurrent LectureI. Attentiona. The process where the mind chooses which stimulus to focus on and process in greater depthb. Selective attention: can focus on one source of information while ignoring the rest c. Divided attention: can monitor unattended stimuli and use them to shift attentiond. Selecting stimuli often by physical orienting sensory systems to particular stimulus (overtly), turning ears or head for examplei. Covertly: orienting to a stimulus without physical movement (like tuning your attention in when you hear gossip)ii. Overt orienting: eye movement recordings when looking at pictures1. Lines of eye movement crudely resemble the photoiii. Covert orienting: e. Stimulus-driven capture (reflexive)i. When stimuli automatically captures attentionf. Goal-directed selectionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.i. When you choose the object to pay attention to 1. Example: when you’re talking to someone at a party despite the loud surroundingsa. Selective listening experiments: shadowing; participant receives different auditory messages in each ear but only told to repeat one2. Posner Task (selective viewing studies)a. Events attended to can be responded to more quickly (lab with arrows and squaresi. Correct responses happen faster than the incorrect onesii. Evidence that selective attention exists independent of eye movementsII. Divided Attentiona. The more two tasks differ, the easier it is to accomplish them simultaneouslyi. Practice improves ability to divide attentionii. Some people say that practice is actually allowing you to do a task without attentionb. Stroop Interference effecti. Based on the skill of reading, which should be so automatic 1. Red, blue, green2. It takes longer (more reaction time) to key in the color of the wordbecause you read the word first, internalize its meaning, and takestime to realize the color is incongruentii. Cell phones and driving: causes as many accidents as drunk driving because with a cell phone there is inattention and slower reaction timesIII. Attention and the perception of objectsa. Feature integration theoryi. Anne Treisman1. We automatically identify ‘primitive’ features in the environment (color, orientation, shape, motion), brain breaks them down2. Analyze different features independently 3. Identify object based on a unique feature a. Putting together features of an object to form complete percept requires focal attentioni. Example: if one object is surrounded by several objects (white T surrounded by black T’s) and we can find it easily because it is very differentii. Example: if an object is made of a conjunction of features—or combination of features—it’s harder to find (white T around black T’s and white L’s)1. Serial visual search: use to find each object to find the target objectiii. Example: illusory conjunctions1. If you overload the subject’s attention then you get errors in feature combinations (by flashing a display)b. Change blindnessi. Involves the way we perceive complex visual scenesii. Internal model of the world only consists of a model of attended info1. All other info is turned into a summary rather than detailed representationiii. We only detect changes in attended items1. Example: Neisser experiment; attend to 3 black shirted players on a team, and a woman with a white umbrella walks through the scene largely unnoticedIV. Physiological basis of attentiona. Cortical areas modulated by attentional processesi. FMRI: different regions of cortex are activated by faces1. Fusiform face area (FFA)2. Parahippocampa place area (PPA)b. Attention can enhance processing of an object, the brain activation increases as aresultV. Learninga. Behaviorist view:i. Adaptation to the environmentii. Sensory experience at one time affects individual’s behavior in the future1. Operates on observable characteristics (stimuli and behavior/response)b. Behaviorism: attempt to understand behavior as relationship between stimuli and responsesi. Nurture rather than natureii. Most behavior can be accounted for by learning1. Classical vs. operant conditioningc. Types of learningi. Associative (classical/operant conditioning)ii. Representational/Cognitive (explicit knowledge)iii. Symbolic (meaning of symbols and words)iv. Observational (imitation)v. Skill (complex learned actions)vi. Specialized learning abilities (i.e. bird song)VI. Classical Conditioninga. Pavlov’s dogsi. Ring a bell whenever food is presentedii. Gradually, even when food was not present, the dogs would salivate when someone would ring the