PSY 201 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 10-13Highlight=terms recorded on teacher’s list of topicsLecture 10 (2/12)What is selective and divided attention (and goal-directed selection and stimulus-driven selection)? What is the definition of covert and overt orienting? What is the Stroop interference effect? How do cell phones impact driving ability? How does one process attention and perception of objects? Discuss Treisman’s Feature Integration Theory of Attention and change blindness. What is the physiological basis of attention?Selective attention: The process by which humans can focus on one source of information while ignoring the rest of what is going on around themDivided attention: Humans’ ability to monitor unattended stimuli and use them to shift attention. When two or more tasks differ, it is easier to do them simultaneously, and practice improves ability to divide attention.Goal-directed selection refers to when you choose the object to pay attention to (when you’re talking to someone at a loud party, for example). Stimulus-driven selection is a reflexive response when a stimulus automatically captures your attention (like a sudden loud noise).Covert orienting involves selecting stimuli to pay attention to by orienting oneself toward that stimulus without a physical movement. Overt orienting is the selection of a stimulus to pay attention to by enacting a physical movement in the direction of the stimulus (turning of the head or looking over).Stroop interference effect- The Stroop interference effect is based on reading, a skill that (when learned) becomes automatico When people read a word, they automatically think of what that word means- In an experiment, participants were quickly flashed the words red, blue and green and asked to indicate the color of the word that they read.o However, the words that were read often did not correspond to the coloring of the letters. For example: Red Green Blueo It takes longer to key in the color of the word because you read the word first, internalize its meaning, and then it takes even longer to realize that the color is incongruent- This also demonstrates whey cell phone use while driving is highly risky behavior. Using acell phone while driving has caused more car accidents than driving drunk. While drunk drivers have slower reaction times and drive more aggressively, cell phone usage causes inattention as well as slower reaction times.Attention and perception- Treisman’s Feature Integration theoryo The idea that we automatically identify the ‘primitive’ features in the environment (color, orientation, shape, motion) and the brain breaks them downo We analyze different features independently and identify an object based on a unique feature Putting together features of an object to form a complete perception requires focal attention- Example: if one object (a white T) is surrounded by several objects(black T’s), we can easily find it because it’s different- Example: if an object is made of many different features and surrounded by slightly similar features (a white T surrounded by black T’s and white L’s) it’s harder to find- Change blindnesso This involves the way we see complex visual sceneso The internal model of the world is only a model of the intended information. Everything else is turned into a summary rather than a detailed representationo Change blindness means that we only detect changes in attended itemsPhysiological basis of attention- Cortical MRI’s are modulated by attention processeso FMRI’s have shown that different regions of the cortex are activated by faces Fusiform face area (FFA) Parahippocampa place area (PPA)o Attention can enhance the processing of an object, and brain activation increasesas a resultLecture 11 (2/17)What is learning, and how is it viewed from a behaviorist perspective? What is classical conditioning, and what are its basic terms and paradigm? Explain the phenomena that accompany classical conditioning and give experimental examples. What is operant conditioningand what are its basic principles? Explain the phenomena that accompany operant conditioning and give experimental examples. Learning, from a behaviorist perspective, is the adaptation to an environment. It centers on the idea that a sensory experience at one time affects the individual’s future behavior. Behaviorists view human behavior as something that is a relationship between stimuli and responses.Classical conditioning- Relies on the principle of predictable signals- Trains an organism to elicit an unconditioned response when a conditioned stimulus becomes presento Terms: UCS: unconditioned stimulus UCR: unconditioned response UCS=>UCR: unconditioned reflex NS: neutral stimulus CS: conditioned stimulus CR: conditioned response CS=>CR: conditioned reflexo Paradigm: NS + UCS= UCR Over time, this evolves into:- CS=CR- Temporal contiguity: the CS must precede the UCS by a very short time, which allows thesubject to know that the two stimuli are related and begin to associate them with one another- Contingency: also known as predictability, this means that the CS must predict the UCS’s occurrence- Extinction: the disappearance of a CR to the CS when the UCS is withheld (however, this is not the same as forgetting)- Recovery: the relearning of the CR when the CS is presented with the UCS present again- Stimulus generalization: by changing the CS just a little bit, it will still elicit the CR (for example, changing the pitch of the bell Pavlov’s dogs salivate to)- Discrimination: training the organism to only have the CR when the specific CS is presentthat it has been trained to respond to- Experimental exampleso Pavlov Trained dogs to salivate at the sound of ringing a bell. He would present them with food (UCS) at the same time as he rang the bell (NS). Over time, the dogs would salivate when they simply heard the bell (CS). The experiment looks like this:- NS (bell) + UCS (food)= UCR (drooling)- CS (bell)=CR (drooling)o Fear conditioning Little Albert- A small child was placed in a room and was given a small fluffy rabbit to play with. The child was not initially afraid of the rabbit.o Later, when the rabbit was presented an experimenter would come up behind the child and loudly crash cymbals behind him, startling and scaring himo After they did this every time the child was with the rabbit,the child began to act fearful every time