PSY 201 1st Edition Lecture 3Outline of Last Lecture II. Philosophical Developmentsa. Monism vs. Dualismb. Nature vs. NurtureIII. Localization of Function; PhysiologyIV. Evolution; Charles DarwinV. Origin of Experimental Psychologya. German experimentalistsb. Functionalismc. Gestalt d. Behaviorisme. Cognitive Psychologyf. Cognitive NeuroscienceOutline of Current Lecture II. Scientific Methoda. Goals of scienceb. Experiment stepsIII. Types of studiesa. Research designb. Measurement methodsc. SettingsIV. Statistical MethodsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Descriptive/inferential statisticsV. Problems of interpreting resultsCurrent LectureII. Scientific Methoda. Deals with cause and effect eventsb. Goals:i. Describe, catalog, and classify eventsii. Causal explanationiii. Predictioniv. Applicationc. Steps in an experimenti. Question or theoryii. Hypothesisiii. Study1. Define variablesa. Independent variable: hypothesized to be the cause of theevent (set this up)b. Dependent variable: affected by the independent variable (measure this)iv. Observations, collect datav. Analyze and interpretvi. Communication of result (publish)1. Example experimenta. Theory: alcohol intoxication impairs driving skillsb. Hypothesis: people who are intoxicated will show less motor coordinationc. Study:i. Independent variable: 2 groups of subjects, with alcohol and withoutii. Dependent variable: measure motor coordination and balanced. Collect datae. Evaluatef. CommunicateIII. Types of studiesa. Research designs: experiment, correlation, and descriptioni. Experiment1. 2+ variables2. Manipulate a variable, and show the causationa. Note: correlation does not imply causationii. Correlation1. 2+ variables2. Measure variables, but no manipulation is involvediii. Description1. Example: opinion pollb. Measurement methodsi. Self report (questionnaire)ii. Behavioral (kids behaving, responses in memory questionnaire)iii. Physiological (measure brain activity, heart rate)c. Settingsi. Lab: experimental researchii. Field: natural setting, usually for observational researchIV. Statistical Methodsa. Descriptive Statisticsi. Experimental studies1. Plot data as a histogram2. Measure the central tendency(typical value or score)a. Mean (average)b. Median (center score)c. Mode (most occurring value)3. Variability: degree to which numbers differ from the meana. Range (highest-lowest score) +1b. Standard deviation: average distance between each score and the mean scoreii. Correlational studies1. Correlation coefficient (r): measures the strength and direction of a correlation (can take any value between -1 and +1)a. The closer it is to -1 or +1, the stronger the correlationi. Ex: height and weight would have a strong positive correlation, because as height increases, weight also increasesb. Inferential Statisticsi. Confidence intervals1. Experiment involves computing the probability that a set of data occurred by chancea. If the probability is small (less than or equal to 5%) then the data is found statistically significantV. Problems of interpreting resultsa. Confounding variables: variables other than the independent variables that could be producing the measured resulti. Random variablesii. Subject expectancy (‘placebo effects’): a subject’s expectations influence the results1. Use a placebo to control the conditioniii. Experimenter expectancy: experimenter unintentionally effects the results1. Use the double blind method to control the