PSY 201 1st Edition Lecture 2Outline of Last Lecture II. Professor and GTF office hoursIII. Goals of the courseIV. Required materialsV. Course formatVI. GradingVII. Course contenta. How to do well in classb. History of PsychologyOutline of Current LectureII. Philosophical Developmentsa. Monism vs. Dualismb. Nature vs. NurtureIII. Localization of Function; PhysiologyIV. Evolution; Charles DarwinV. Origin of Experimental Psychologya. German experimentalistsb. Functionalismc. Gestalt d. Behaviorisme. Cognitive Psychologyf. Cognitive NeuroscienceCurrent LectureThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. Philosophical Developmentsa. Monism vs. Dualism: the mind and body problemi. Are the mind and body separate and distinct, or is the mind the brain’s subjective experience?ii. Dualism: there are 2 kinds of substances; mental substance (soul) and physical substance (body)1. Soul gets information from the body then makes decisions and directs the body. Conscious thought is the product of the soul2. Coined by Descartesiii. Monism: concept of the spirit or the soul is meaningless; conscious thought is an epiphenomenon (product of the brain’s machinery), doesn’tcause things to happen1. Coined by Hobbesb. Nature vs. Nurture: where does knowledge come from?i. Nurture: knowledge comes from experience (learning, memory, environment)ii. Nature: thoughts and ideas are innate (biology, evolution, genetics)III. Localization of Functiona. Parts of the brain control specific functions and aspects of behaviori. Example: Broca1. Broca’s area is associated with language, therefore damage to this area produces difficulty speakingb. Provides evidence for physical brain basis of mental processesi. Natural divisions among processesIV. Evolutiona. Charles Darwini. Living things inherit their structure through natural selection (characteristics useful for survival are passed on through reproduction)V. Origin of Experimental Psychologya. German experimentalists: studied simplest mental processes (sensations, memories, etc)i. Psychophysics: relationship between sensory experience and physical stimuli (Weber and Fechner)ii. Structuralism: structure of the mind and breaking down complex mental processesiii. Introspection: study of conscious mental events by introspecting (looking inward) and observing/recording responses1. Developed by Titchner2. Problems:a. Variability: individual impressions often differb. Verification: lack of public accessc. Reliance on consciousness; many events occur unconsciouslyd. Provides products and processes of thinkingb. Functionalism: emphasis on purpose and functions of the mind (William James)c. Gestalt Psychology: organized shape, whole formi. “the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”d. Behaviorism: behavior is observable, and therefore worthy of study (rather than thoughts or ideas)i. Focus on learning (and how it is shaped by behavior)e. Cognitive Psychology: study of ability to organize, obtain, process and use knowledge to guide behaviorf. Cognitive Neuroscience (today’s dominant method)i. Study of the structure and function of the brainii. Imaging and scans help localize function and determine genetic