Govt 312L Notes8/25 Comparative Politics- How countries vary in their political institutions- The relationship between political development and economic development- How countries vary in the outputs of govt in their public policies8/27 Opinions of Immigration: Comparative Immigration PoliticsImmigration- Push and pull factors- (economic and social)o Population growtho Industrial revolutionso Economic opportunityTypes of Flows- Legal immigrants- Refugees- Asylum seekers- individuals that are persecuted by their state (politically active, govt goes after them)- Illegal immigrants/undocumentedo Visa overstayerso Illegal entryThe immigration debate in America- A country of immigration- African forced migration- European migrationo Population growtho Industrial revolution- Lack of social disruptiono Relatively small # of immigrants o Pluralism & geographic dispersalo Economic vitality Current Immigration- Change from Europe to Latin America & Asiao Similar “disruptions” (population growth & industrial revolution)- Can we continue to be a nation of immigrants?o Unskilled immigrants & the economic debates Welfare & Healthcare  Family reunification- go to a country legally for spouse - Mexico and the U.S.- California, Texas, Arizona8/30 Immigration IssuesThe Setting- 350 million foreign visitors enter the US every year- 8000 miles of US border- One million legal immigrants enter US every year- 10-12 million illegal immigrants currently in the country- 700,000-800,000 new illegal immigrants/yearKey issues for US Immigration Policy- Benefits of Immigrationo Productivity: increases overall in countryo Competitiveness: skilled workers, maintain trade levelso Dynamism: entrepreneurs- Challengeso Illegal immigrationo Temporary immigrationo Over-burdened system: VISA, greencardo Native-born workforce: too reliant on immigrants o Integrationo SecurityRedesigning the System- Comprehensive Immigration Reformo Visaso Amnestyo Enforcing the ruleso Securityo Integrationo Coordination What did the INS do?- Conduct immigration inspectionso 250 ports of entry- Regulate permanent and temporary immigration to the US- Maintain control of US Borders- Identify and remove people who have no lawful immigration status in the US- Conflict between customer service (Green cards, citizenship) and enforcemento Imagine if you had to go to the police to get your licenseOther Agencies- State departmento Visa issuance: agreement with countries that you can visit for up to 3 months without a visa, only a passporto Refugee policy issues- Department of Laboro Work visaso Workplace immigration rules- Department of Defenseo High seas interdictions- Department of Health and Human Serviceso Refugee resettlement programs- Department of the Treasuryo Customs serviceQuestions for EXAM- What kinds of challenges is the US facing in terms of immigration policy today, according to MPI?- What kinds of ideas are being considered for redesigning immigration policy?- Besides Homeland Security, name 4 agencies that have dealt with immigration in the US (past or present)9/1 Attack on World Trade CenterPerpetrators- Al-Qaida- The Visa Issueo Consular officialso Student visas- Products of Transnationalismo Osama Bin Laden wears a timex ironman triathalon watch and speaks to the world on satellite tvThe Response- Detention of Arab and other Muslim resident alienso “voluntary” interviewso Deportations- Patriot Acto Expansion of FBI powerso Work provisions related to immigration- Attacks on INS and proposals for restructuring the INSFrom INS to DHS- INS relocated from Dept of Justice to Dept of Homeland Security- Former INS split into three agencies:o Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (CIS) – handles petitions for immigration benefits and naturalization applicationso Bureau of Customs and Border Protection (CBP) – deals with immigration enforcement and related functionsat the borders arid, ports of entryo Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) – handles interior enforcement of immigration and customs lawsHomeland Security- Coordination problems identified after 9/11o Creation of the office of homeland security led by Tom Ridge- Coordination problems for Office of Homeland Securityo FEMA and Katrina- Politicso Bureaucracy, “Turf Wars”, Partisanship- Power Struggleso How much oversight should Congress have?o EmployeesDHS as a Bureaucracy- Issue with “mission”o Protecting the nation from terrorism- Employee morale- Case Study: FEMA and Hurricane Katrina- Boeing Border FenceQuestions- What were some of the factors that led to the creation of the Dept of Homeland Security? 9/11, INS issues, coordination issues, issues with intelligence, not having a database ready to track ppl- What were some of the key challenges facing the INS prior to the creation of DHS? Enforcement coordination issues, overburden bureaucracy in INS (not being able to meet customer service), border patrol- How was the INS divided as of March 2003? Three agencies listed above CIS CBP ICE9/3 Immigration InstitutionsPrior to DHS- Structure of Homeland Security prior to the formation of DHSo Spread over 40 separate agencies- The recommendations of the Hart-Rudman Commissiono Designed to analyze international security threatso First groups to say terrorism is a problemo Provided for national homeland security agency- Sept 11 AttackPost 9/11- OHS/HSC- Lieberman/Specter DHS Proposalo No concrete action- Bush’s Proposal for DHSo Submitted by Bush directly to Congresso Passed in near-identical form on July 24, 2002, signed on Nov 25, 2002o Reorganization plan targeted Jan 24, 2003 as stand up dateOriginal Bush Proposal- Infrastructure Protection – protection from terrorismWho became part of DHS? **- Treasury Dept- Justice Dept- Health and Human Services- FEMAEvolution of DHS- Created because US had a massive failure of Homeland Security- Decline of Tom Ridge from OHS to DHS- The Coordination Fail- Terrorism and DHS- The Immigration TakeoverThe New Immigration Agencies- CBP (Customs and Border Protection)o Who and what comes across the border- USCIS (US Citizenship and Immigration Services) – assistance brancho Who is here legally- ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement) o Internal enforcementHow’s It Working Out?- Why did they do it?o Enforcement/assistance, clearer hierarchy, increased policy targeting- How’s it working?o Mission creep, interagency competition, prestige issues- Consequenceso Relative rise of ICE and