GOV 312L 1ST EditionLecture 3Outline of last lecture:I. Arguments of the three readings, starting with the 9/11 commission ReportII. Basics on AfghanistanIII. Soviets and Americans in AfghanistanIV. Technical and political criticisms of the wars, with some remarks about international law and the right of self-defenseV. Ending the week on an upbeat note: the fluidity of categories and relationships even when they seem immutable at any given moment.Outline of current lecture:I. AnnouncementsII. Review/wrap-up of previous lectureIII. Newshour debateIV. Lecturea. ethnic and religious groups in the middle eastb. nationalism and identity in Iraqc. overview of Iraqi history, 1919-1990Current LectureI. Announcements:Jan. 28th test format:-years + question which president is it?-map of countries, bodies of water labeled w/ numbers country?II. Review/wrap-up:9/11 highjackers:-Were Arab (1 from Egypt, 1 from Lebanon, 2 from United Arab Emirates, 15 from Saudi Arabia)-17/19 were from very wealthy exporter countries w/ high gdp, not failed/impoverished states.-Keep them distinct from the Taliban (who are afghan)additional points:-blowback- be able to recognize examples of.-paralells btw ussr and us operations in Afghanistan, problems faced governing the country and media coverage at home-diff btw technical critique and political critique-analysis of 9/11 commission report.III. Video: Sept 1, 2009 debate on Newshour (PBS) Exum: its going to take a lot of effort, resources.Bacevich: our interests are limited, I reject the proposition that fixing Afghanistan is the only way to achieve those interests.http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/july-dec09/afghan_09-01.htmlIV. LECTURETheme: authority structures endure, power redistribution is hard. For Iraq: Sunni elite dominance lasted over Shia demographic majority until the US occupation and civil war in the past decade.a. ethnic and religious groups in the middle east (refer to lecture 3, slide 10 for bigger img)Iraq:Dominance of summi minority (20% of population). They held political power thanks to the way that the British set up political power.-were pushed out of power, elections the next year paved the year for a different system: majority of population would have a say (Shia-arab)Arabs and non-Arabs-majority are Arab: Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, -non-Arab states: turkey Israel, Iran. →Israel and Iran have a significant Arab population, but they aren’t the majority.Muslims and non muslims-Israel- only middle east state without a muslim majoritySunni muslims and shia muslims-Sunni Majority: Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Yemen, Oman, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Turkey-Shia majority- Iran Bahrain, Iraq.Arab Republic of Egypt Founded: 1952 (republic est in 1953)-(unelected) chief executive: general Abdel-Fatah El-SisiMedium economic development.Predominantly Sunni Islam (90%)+ Arab(100%).State of Israel:Founded: 1948-(elected) Chief Executive: prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu-high economic development.→Iran: not majority Arab. Religion is 75% JudaismIslamic Republic of IranFounded: 1979(unelected) chief executive: supreme leader Ali Khameneihigh economic development due to oil.→religious majority also not Arab- they are 90% Shia Islam.Republic of IraqIndependence in 1932, republic declared in 1958, current constitution est in 2005(Elected) chief executive: Prime minister Nouri al-malikimedium economic developmentMajority is Arab- predominantly, 65% Shia islam.b. Nationalism and identity in IraqNationalism-Nationalism can mean a lot of things- patriotism in other countries, people coming together and feeling a commitment to something larger than themselves-Question from Yaphe reading: can Iraqis think of themselves as a nation?-Common bond among Iraqis is elusive because country came together with very ethnic(arab vs kurd) and sectarian (sunni vs shia) divisions, exacerbated by the way that politicalpower was assigned. → Other countries have shown that it is alright for new country to have ethnic diversity.Basics on IslamWord islam- means giving/submitting to god. Originated from the prophet Muhammad- -message of social justice, political reform.-message spread widely through non violent political dissemination and through military conquest.-seen as prophet of god, not incarnation of god.-Quran- Muhammad conveying the word of god orallyProphet Muhammad- d. 632 CEFive pillars of islam: testament of faith, prayer, fasting, charity, pilgrimageDifference between Muslim idea of Quran and Christian idea of BibleSunni vs ShiaDifferences based on: who selects the leader- -Sunni- Believe that community of believers (all Muslims) should choose the next leaderLeadership: after Muhammad, it went through 4 caliphs (successors). Last one was Ali. Afterwards, they went on to a series of caliphs through different empires (Ummayads to Ottoman)-Shia- want to choose leadership from descendants of Muhammad, as ordained by God. Leadership went from Muhammad to Ali (Muhammad’s son in law) and then to Ali’s son Hussein, who was martyred (d. 680 CE)Majority of muslims are Sunni. Iraq’s rulers have been Sunni Arabs (till 2003).Globally Shia are the minority, but they are the majority in Iraq.“Iraq has never had a civil war” (2003,2004) why would Sunni and Shia fight either.But, Iraq has only been a modern state for a few decadesRecent history is not a good predictor of future climate.Repubic of Iraqc. Iraqi history 1919-1990-Created from 3 ottoman provinces in 1916 by the Sykes-Picot agreement between the british and French. (Mosol, Baghdad, Bosra- came together to make Iraq)-bosra is the home/heart of the shia population. Majority there-kurds were overwhelmingly in the north-center is where the sunni arabs were locatedWhy not three separate countries?The north and south is rich in oil resources.Sunni in the middle is not as resource rich. It is leading in order to control the resources from the north and south.Kurds vs Sunni vs Shia-Kurds: own language, traditions, cuisine. Also in turkey and iran. Spread across four different states. Historically had some aspiration for statehood- want Kurdish state of their own. Past decade- successful in getting political autonomy in Iraq- have achieved autonomy without statehood. Not Arab!-Sunni Arabs: political elite since 2003. Predominant muslim trend among arabs, but minority in Iraq. Follows traditional caliphate.-Shia- majority in Iraq but have not