GOV 312L 1ST EditionLecture 10Outline of last lectureExamOutline of Current lecture:I. Concepts: States, sovereignty, nationalismII. Nationalism, world war I, and the breakup of the Ottoman EmpireIII. The UK (and the French) in the Middle eastIV. Paths to Statehood: Turkey, Egypt, Jordan & Iraq, IsraelCurrent LectureI. Announcements:Study/discussion questions will be posted weekly to help with next exam preparation.I. Concepts: States, sovereignty, nationalism Lecture Focus: Ottoman Empire regions. Focus on turkey Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Israel (see circled area on map). Main question: how did the region get to its current borders from the Ottoman empireThe StateA fundamental concept for poli sci. Different from government (short term), rulers (even shorter), and nation.From Owen’s reading--2 characteristics of states: a. (external) State is a sovereign political entity with international recognition of its borders;b. (internal) State has supreme coercive and rule-making body inside its territoryAfghanistan is viewed as a failed state- Karzai is effectively only the mayor of Kobel.WarStates must establish supremacy over others. The state comes from waging war to establishing supremacy. They must create military, tax for revenue (internal). Winning wars allows a country to establish boundaries, when they lose they have to accept boundaries. Borders can otherwise feel arbitrary. Borders establish by state do not necessarily confirm what its constituents identify as.Nationalism Nationalism is membership/sense of belonging in a community based on some shared identity (religion, ethnicity, language, connection to territory, shared history or traditions)- often does not conform to borders of a state but stretches across them – pan-Arab nationalism or Kurdish nationalism or Jewish nationalism/ZionismExamples: The various religions within Ottoman Empire claim different nationalisms and thus don’t want to be part of Ottoman Empire. Jews experienced racism before world wars, some of the places that fought against Germany were actually very anti Semitist. Were looking for a homeland. Emigration from Europe begins, immigration to different areas, especially British Palestine area.II. Nationalism, World War I, and the breakup of the Ottoman EmpireState outcomes:By 1971Cohesive states (unified, stable and recognized): Turkey, Egypt, Israel, JordanDivided States: Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, (minoritarian rule)Stateless peoples (sense of nationalism without a state): Kurds, Palestinians.Overview of the creation of states: Ottoman empire-> UK rule-> independent statesCreation of TurkeyBritish attitudes toward Ottoman Empire: before WWI, they are satisfied with the Ottoman in Middle East because they are in the way of Russians. But…World war IDivisions: UK France, Russia vs Germany, Austria Hungary, Ottoman (tried to remain neutral, but the feared Russia)The Ottoman Empire loses Turkey among other parts after WWI, Turks fight in Anatolia, and becomes an independent state. They try to embrace Western ways. Turks drive out Armenian minority (genocide).Treaty of Lussane (1923) and Treaty of Serves (1920) shape up the territory of Turkey. Sykes Picot Agreement shaped why Middle East is what it is today, to accommodate western greed for land and oil.Creation of EgyptBritish rule in Egypt ends in 1922 (officially)- actually ends in 1952 (70 years)They posses Egyptian First identity (Egypt is already part of British Empire pre WWI; Whydid they get official independence from Britain eventually?) End of WWI - ideas of self determination, people determining own destiny brought by League of Nations, but this thought wasn’t meant for Egyptians (under Brit power) after Wilson rejects them, they revolt and Brits are semi pushed out but still very much in control until military coup 1952. Creation of Jordan and IraqCreated from three Ottoman Provinces in 1916 by the Sykes-Picot Agreement between the British and French. Divided the Middle East. Hashemites- religious leader, descendants of Mhuhammad. Father to Faisal (Iraq) and Abdulah (Jordan).Iraq- revolt-> military regimes. Jordan- doesn’t revolt, eventually graduate to statehood.Both graduated from mandates and are granted statehood by the British.Creation of IsraelSeries of wars produce Israel (WWI, WWII) and anti semitism leads to emigration from EuropeTimeline:1917 declaration of a national home for the Jewish peoples1938-1945 HolocaustPost world war II- push for state hood-partition plan 1947- UN special committee on Palestine (under british) proposes plan of dividing Palestine in two, with Jerusalem under control by UN peacekeepers.Great Britain announced that it would withdraw from Palestine before 1948-in contrast to the UN plan, Palestine was slipping into war between the Jews and local Palestinians (Arab)-Gurion declares existence of Israeli state, US supports. -1948 war- Israel fights forces from Egypt, Jordan, Iraq and Syria. War lasts 9m. Thosandskilled from all sides, many Palestinians displaced. Israel