Emergence of Middle East States- the Internal DimensionGOV 312L 1ST EditionLecture 11Outline of last lectureI. Concepts: States, sovereignty, nationalismII. Nationalism, world war I, and the breakup of the Ottoman EmpireIII. The UK (and the French) in the Middle eastIV. Paths to Statehood: Turkey, Egypt, Jordan & Iraq, IsraelOutline of Current lecture:I. Post Ottoman StatesII. Forms of rule: monarchies, republics, military regimesIII. Elite control vs popular participationI. Post Ottoman StatesTurkeyOttoman Empire loses in WWI, suffers the punitive treaty of Sevres (severs most of its territory.)1920-1923 They fight to regain land in Anatolia-> Treaty of Lausanne. 1923 declares republic led by Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)1924 Ataturk abolishes the caliphate- he felt that he was done with the way that the Ottoman Empire had been ruled. Wanted to secularize the caliphate. Ends Turkey as the center/model for religious hierarchy.Jordan and IraqFormer Ottoman areas are divided into countries based on Sykes-picot Treaty (implemented after WWI). Were under British mandates.Led initially by brothers Abdullah (Jordan) and Faisal (Iraq) from the Hashemite family.Jordan- Transjordan from 1921-1946, then independent monarchy-> “Jordan”.Iraq- 1921-1932 under mandate, then independent monarchy, then military regime.Palestine /IsraelRuled by British Mandate 1920-48Jewish Europeans immigrate to build Jewish homeland (Zionist movement)Conflict between Zionists an dindigenous Palestinaians (Arabs) escalates under MandateUN votes in 1947 to partition the area.Zionists declare state of Israel in 1948, win war 1948-1949, establish republic form of gov.EgyptRuled by British 1882-1952Internally, it is a monarchy with parliamentary politicsAfter 1922, Egypt receives formal independence but Britain continues to exercise controlJuly 1952 coup deposes monarch, ends British control except for Suez CanalRepublic is declared in 1953, but the military is still in chargeII. Forms of ruleMonarchies- hereditary ruleExamples: Ottoman empire, Jordan, Egpyt until 1952, Iraq until 1958Republics- rule by elected representativesExamples: Turkey, especially after 1950, Israel after 1948Qualifiers: semi democracies military removed elected governments in Turkey in 1960, 1971, 1980, and 1997. Palestinians in West Bank and Gaza do not elect Israeli governments; Palestinians inside Israel have constrained political rights.Military Regimes- Rule by members of the armed forcesExamples: Egypt since 1952, Iraq since 1958 Tend to look more “civilian” and more like republics over timeOfficers put on suits and hold elections and call their regimes “republics” III. Elite Control vs. popular participation Elites Examples: Ottoman Sultan and his court The Young Turks (Ataturk)The British, French, and gradually, Americans Zionists and Arab rulers of new post-Ottoman statesThe populace – the masses – the peopleIndirect rule of the foreign elite (Ottoman/British) over local intermediaries who rule over the masses (Jewish settlers, indigenous Palestinians, Arab populations in Egypt, Jordan, Israel)Push for self-rule of the foreign elite (British) over local leaders who lead the masses (citizens of Israel, Egypt, and Iraq)Two outcomes:Local elite control (not representative) in Jordan, Egypt, IraqRepresentative government (meaningful republics) in Israel and TurkeyWhy were Jordanians, Egyptians and Iraqis stuck with kings and army officers?-British influence built up army (or Palace) as more powerful institution-Local conditions: the masses remained dependent on old economic ties, esp. unpaid hereditary farming (peasantry)-No strong constituency for representative governmentWhat helped Turks and Zionists/Israelis avoid monarchical and military rule?Combination of healthy elite rivalries inside the elite (the Zionists in Israel, the Republican People’s Party in Turkey) and links to a populace mobilized, through a combination of wars and economic development, to make demands on